401(k) Rollover to a Roth IRA: What You Need to Know

The decision about whether to convert a 401(k) to a Roth IRA depends a lot on your financial circumstances, including your tax situation.

“Converting money from a 401(k) to a Roth IRA can be a great strategy to help you build a bucket of money for retirement that will not be subject to taxes,” says certified financial planner and chartered financial consultant Brent Weiss, co-founder and head of financial wellness at Facet. “However, Roth conversions aren’t right for everybody. It’s important to create a personalized plan for your money, to understand your entire financial picture, and to have a good understanding of your taxes today and tomorrow.”

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Converting a 401(k) to a Roth IRA (step by step)

Here are nine steps for converting a 401(k) to a Roth IRA.

1. Decide whether a conversion makes sense from a financial standpoint. For instance, how would a conversion affect your retirement timeline?
2. Consider whether to convert all of your 401(k) money at once or spread out the conversion over several years.
3. Review the tax consequences of a conversion.
4. Make sure you have money set aside to cover any taxes owed on the conversion.
5. Learn the rules about conversion from an employer-sponsored 401(k) to your own Roth IRA.
6. Complete conversion forms required by the employer holding your 401(k).
7. Open a Roth IRA if you don’t already have one.
8. Set up distribution of your 401(k) money to your Roth IRA. You might, for instance, shift your 401(k) money directly to a Roth IRA.
9. Choose investment options for your new Roth IRA.

Which account types can be converted to a Roth IRA?

The following retirement accounts can be converted to a Roth IRA:

• 401(k) – This employer-sponsored plan is the most common kind of retirement account among working-age Americans.
• 403(b) – Public schools, colleges, and universities—along with churches and some nonprofits—provide 403(b) plans.
• 457(b) – This kind of plan is designed for employees of state or local governments as well as employees of some nonprofit organizations.
• Traditional IRA – A traditional IRA generally allows someone to take full or partial tax deductions on contributions earmarked for retirement.
• Rollover IRA – A rollover IRA enables someone to shift money from an employer-sponsored retirement plan, such as 401(k), to an IRA.
• SIMPLE IRA (after being held for at least two years) – A SIMPLE (Savings Incentive Match Plan for Employees of Small Employers) IRA enables employees of small businesses to put aside money for retirement.
• SEP IRA – A SEP (Simplified Employee Pension Plan) lets a self-employed person or small business owner, primarily one with only a few employees, save money for retirement
• Profit-sharing plan – A profit-sharing plan lets employees reap some of the company’s profits.
• Money purchase plan –This is similar to a profit-sharing plan.

Brett Wood, a financial adviser at TBS Retirement Planning in Hurst, Texas, explains that if you have a designated Roth version of a 401(k), 403(b), or 457(b), your contributions (since they are made with after-tax income) can be shifted to a Roth IRA without going through a formal conversion process. This is not true for a traditional 401(k), 402(b) or 457(b) because your contributions to those accounts are made with pre-tax income.

“However, any matching…contributions from your employer might be taxed, so you will want to speak with your human resources department to avoid any surprises come tax time,” says Wood.

Should you convert your 401(k) to a Roth IRA?

The decision to convert a 401(k) to a Roth IRA depends on your financial situation and goals. However, it might be a smart move if you:

• Can afford the tax bill. When you move money from a traditional 401(k) to a Roth IRA, you must pay taxes on the amount of money that’s converted. However, you won’t be taxed on qualified Roth IRA withdrawals after you retire.
• Are searching for more investment options. In some cases a 401(k) might limit its investments to mutual funds. On the other hand a Roth IRA may allow you to invest in a broader array of investment options, such as mutual funds, stocks, bonds, and exchange-traded funds (ETFs).
• Are looking for lower costs. You may be able to save money on investment fees if you switch from a 401(k) to a Roth IRA.
• Are seeking simplicity. Converting a 401(k) to an existing Roth IRA might give you one fewer retirement account to worry about.
• Aren’t hunting for a source of money to borrow. While you are still employed, a 401(k) from that employer might allow you to take out a loan that must be repaid; no IRA offers that option.
• Want to avoid required minimum distributions (RMDs). If you have a 401(k), you must start making annual withdrawals after a certain age (73, starting in 2023). RMDs are not required for Roth IRAs.

When is a good time to convert?

Some times are better than others when it comes to converting a 401(k) to a Roth IRA.

Wood says that any year when your earned income is lower than usual—or you have retirement accounts that have decreased in value—is a good time to do a conversion because it could let you convert money without going up to a higher tax bracket.

“Converting when your account balances are down can be a good idea,” says Weiss. “You can convert to a Roth IRA, reinvest the money in the same or similar investment, and take advantage of future growth in your Roth, which can be tax free if used properly.”

You also might find it’s a good time to do a conversion from a 401(k) to a Roth IRA if you don’t need the money for at least five years. A Roth IRA offers tax advantages, as withdrawals can be made tax free. Still, you might incur income taxes and penalties if you withdraw earnings from the money in a Roth IRA within five years of opening it.

Furthermore, a conversion might be timely if you don’t think you’ll need the money before age 59½. If you’re under that age, the IRS restricts withdrawals of earnings from a Roth IRA. There are exceptions to this rule, but in many cases you face tax payments and an early withdrawal penalty of 10% if you pull out any of the IRA’s earnings before turning 59½.

Key considerations before rolling over a 401(k) to a Roth IRA

Before pulling the plug on a 401(k) and moving that money to a Roth IRA, you should go over several considerations. The laws are complicated and it can help to consult a financial adviser.

Taxes

The tax impact is perhaps the most important consideration when converting a 401(k) to Roth IRA. Contributions made to a traditional 401(k) and earnings on those contributions are tax-deferred. You pay taxes on the contributions and earnings when you take out money.

When you convert a traditional 401(k) to a Roth IRA, you’ll owe taxes on the converted amount. However, taxes won’t be due on qualified withdrawals during retirement.

Before converting a 401(k) to a Roth IRA, you may want to visit with an investment adviser or tax professional to go over the financial consequences. If you don’t have cash to cover the tax bill for the conversion, it might be better to move money from your 401(k) to a traditional IRA. Why? Because money in the traditional IRA would keep growing on a tax-deferred basis and you won’t be taxed on it.

Investment options

When you convert a 401(k) to a Roth IRA, you might lose some investment options. For instance, a 401(k) mutual fund that has performed well might not be available from the Roth IRA provider that you choose. On the other hand, as already noted, you may have wider choice of investment choices.

Fees

Depending on which company you pick for your Roth IRA, you may end up paying higher investment fees as an individual than with a 401(k) sponsored by an employer.

Borrowing ability

While you can take out a loan from a 401(k), you can’t borrow money from a Roth IRA. If you need quick access to cash, a Roth IRA wouldn’t be a borrowing option.

Timing of withdrawals

If you think you’ll need at least some of the money within the next five years, a conversion from a 401(k) to a Roth IRA might not be the right move. That’s because you often face a 10% tax penalty if you don’t wait for at least five years after opening the account to touch the money in a Roth IRA. The same tax penalty typically applies if you take money out of a Roth IRA before age 59½.

How to estimate your tax liability on an IRA conversion

Estimating your tax liability on a conversion from a traditional 401(k) to a Roth IRA depends on your tax bracket and tax rate, says certified plan fiduciary adviser Bob Chitrathorn, chief financial officer and vice president of wealth planning at Simplified Wealth in Corona, Calif.

“A formula to calculate the tax liability from converting 401(k) or IRA assets to a Roth IRA is basically going to be as complex as an individual’s or couple’s income streams and various tax deductions or credits available to them,” notes certified financial planner Scott Sturgeon, founder and senior wealth adviser at Oread Wealth Partners in Leawood, Kan.

“For most people,” Sturgeon adds, “doing a 401(k)-to-Roth-IRA conversion is going to make the most sense when they're retired and they enter a phase where their income may be lower than when they were working, thereby putting them in a lower tax bracket. That means whatever dollars are being converted are ideally taxed at lower rates.”

Weiss offers the following example of the tax liability for a 401(k)-to-Roth-IRA conversion.

 Let’s say you convert $10,000 from a traditional 401(k) to a Roth IRA. You’re in the 24% federal tax bracket and your state’s 6% tax bracket. The $10,000 would be subject to both federal and state taxes.

“In this case you would owe $3,000 in taxes when you file your tax return,” explains Weiss. “However, you don’t have to pay the taxes right away. You will end up owing those taxes when you file your tax returns for that year.”

How to reduce the tax penalty

You can take several approaches to reduce the tax hit from a traditional-401(k)-to-Roth-IRA conversion.

Make smaller conversions

Instead of making one big conversion, consider smaller, once-a-year conversions. This is known as a Roth conversion ladder.

“Smaller amounts converted over time are generally the better move,” says Weiss.” You’ll avoid tax bracket creep, you’ll pay less in taxes each year, and you’ll gradually get more money into your Roth.”

Split pretax and after-tax dollars

If your 401(k) contains both pretax and after-tax dollars, consider rolling over only the after-tax dollars into a Roth IRA (and only the pretax dollars into a traditional IRA or another eligible retirement plan). This enables you to avoid paying taxes on the 401(k) to Roth IRA conversion.

Explore tax deductions and credits

Visit with a tax professional to look into any tax deductions and tax credits that might ease the tax burden of a traditional-401(k)-to-Roth-IRA conversion.

Alternatives to rolling over a 401(k) to a Roth IRA

Converting from a 401(k) to a Roth IRA isn’t the only option for shaking up your retirement savings. 

Leave funds in a former employer’s plan

If your former employer allows it, you might choose to leave your money in the employer’s 401(k) plan. Doing so enables you to put off making a decision about what to do with those funds. What’s more, these fund may be more protected from creditors in lawsuits than money in an IRA.

Roll over to a new 401(k)

Have you moved on to a different employer? If so, you may be able to switch the money from your old employer’s 401(k) to a 401(k) at your new employer. If you have reached RMD age, this will protect you from needing to take RMDs because you don’t have to take an RMD from your current employer’s 401(k)—only from 401(k)s from previous employers.

Roll over to a traditional IRA

Rolling over money from a traditional 401(k) to a traditional IRA may give you flexibility in terms of your investment options. Plus, the money in a traditional IRA still grows on a tax-deferred basis, just as in a 401(k) or Roth IRA.

Take a cash distribution

Taking a cash distribution from a 401(k) might seem like a great option, but it might cause you to lose money due to taxes and penalties. And once it’s out, you lose tax-free growth on that cash to build your future retirement savings.

Comparing your options

Frequently asked questions (FAQs)

What is a Roth conversion ladder?

A Roth conversion ladder refers to moving only part of your retirement savings each year from an account such as a traditional  401(k) to a Roth IRA. This strategy can help lower your tax burden and avoid tax penalties.

Can I convert to a Roth IRA even if I earn too much to contribute?

Yes, you can convert from a 401(k) to a Roth IRA even if you earn too much to contribute to a Roth IRA. The IRS places no income restrictions on Roth conversions.

I turn 72 this year. When do I have to take my 2023 RMD?

If you turn 72 in 2023, your first RMD does not need to be made until 2024. The RMD age climbs to 73 in 2023 and 75 in 2033.