COVID-19 Vaccine Tracker

Now, if you're at least 12 years old.

All three vaccines are widely available for anyone over 18, and the U.S. Food and Drug Administration said kids ages 12 to 18 can get Pfizer-BioNTech's shot.

COVID-19 vaccines are now available in a variety of locations, including at pharmacies, hospitals, clinics, and mass vaccination sites in venues including professional sports arenas. However, you will likely need to arrange an appointment before you arrive. To find an appointment in your area, you can search VaccineFinder.org, which collects data directly from government agencies.

Nothing for the vaccine itself. The federal Operation Warp Speed program funded vaccine development with the intent that they be offered free to all Americans, regardless of insurance status.

The caveat: The facility where you get the vaccine may choose to charge something like an administrative fee.

Maybe. Some vaccine providers list appointments for different shots separately, allowing people to choose if multiple shots are in stock.

The shots made by Pfizer-BioNTech and Moderna both appear to be almost 95% effective at preventing disease after two doses. Johnson & Johnson's shot appears to be 66% effective at preventing symptomatic disease overall—but is 85% effective at preventing severe disease, and it has the added benefit of only requiring one shot.

Yes. The CDC in April recommended that pregnant people get vaccinated against COVID-19, citing a recent study of more than 35,000 vaccinated pregnant people that found no evidence of safety concerns.

Most health groups previously took cautious stances, neither recommending nor advising against vaccination for those who are pregnant. That's because initial COVID-19 vaccine trials enrolled non-pregnant adults, so data on the shots' use in pregnant people were limited. As more research comes together, however, health officials are growing increasingly confident in the shots' safety among pregnant people.

More studies are underway, too. Pfizer and BioNTech are testing their vaccine on 4,000 pregnant people around the world, but that trial may not finish for more than a year.

In May, the U.S. Food and Drug Administration authorized Pfizer-BioNTech’s vaccine for children as young as 12, expanding vaccine access to millions of adolescents across the country. In clinical trials, the shot was 100% effective at preventing symptomatic disease among 12- to 15-year-olds.

Kids younger than 12, however, are still unable to get a COVID-19 vaccine in the U.S. (Moderna and Johnson & Johnson’s shots are authorized only for adults 18 and older.) While studies among children of various ages are ongoing, it’s not clear when younger kids may become eligible for vaccination.

Until then, parents will have to help their kids—who have fortunately been mostly spared the worst of COVID-19’s effects—take non-vaccine precautions, such as masking and social distancing.

It depends which vaccine you receive.

If you are vaccinated with the Pfizer-BioNTech or Moderna shots, you will not be fully protected with one dose. Both are designed to be given in two separate doses, a few weeks apart. When you receive the first dose of a two-dose vaccine, it kick-starts your body’s immune system; the second significantly strengthens your immune response. Recent research from the CDC says a single dose provides about 80% protection against infection, but "it's a bit of a tenuous 80%," according to National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases Director Dr. Anthony Fauci. In other words, it's not clear how long that protection lasts. (Some recent research suggests at least 10 weeks, but more studies are required.) To get the vaccine's full benefits, you need both doses.

Johnson & Johnson's shot, however, is meant to be given in a single dose. Studies show that it is 85% effective at preventing severe disease.

Not in the U.S. The CDC says the currently authorized COVID-19 vaccines are "not interchangeable," and that "data on the safety and efficacy of a mixed-product series have not been evaluated."

However, in its recent authorization of a third dose for moderately to severely immunocompromised people, the CDC did make an exception: " If the mRNA vaccine product given for the first two doses is not available or is unknown, either mRNA COVID-19 vaccine product may be administered" for the third dose.

Meanwhile, there have been a number of studies recently where results suggested that mix-and-match approaches might actually provide an especially strong immune response. And some countries, like Germany, have moved ahead with recommending such approaches.

When you get your first dose, you should get a card on which your health care provider will mark the date and brand of the shot. The card will also say when you’re due for your second dose.

If you lose your card, don’t panic. Many states will also keep searchable records of patients’ immunization statuses. Some providers may also use voluntary text message reminder programs to prompt patients to come in for their second dose.

Under U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention guidelines, fully vaccinated people (those who received their final shot at least two weeks prior) can now go maskless outdoors and travel with minimal risk to themselves.

The spread of the Delta variant, however, led the CDC to reconsider its earlier guidance that fully vaccinated people could go maskless indoors. Now, the agency suggests "If you are fully vaccinated, to maximize protection from the Delta variant and prevent possibly spreading it to others, wear a mask indoors in public if you are in an area of substantial or high transmission."

Those guidelines are based on increasingly promising science that suggests COVID-19 shots slow transmission of the virus, as well as symptomatic illnesses. One recent study found that both two-dose vaccines were 90% effective at stopping not just COVID-19 disease, but also infections. Research is ongoing, but those findings suggest vaccinated people are much less likely to spread the virus than non-vaccinated people.

Currently, the CDC only recommends a third dose for moderately to severely immunocompromised individuals who received a full course of either the Pfizer-BioNTech or Moderna vaccine. The agency does not yet recommend a third shot for anyone outside of that category.

What's confusing is that the Department of Health and Human Services on Aug. 18 announced a plan to offer boosters more widely as early as this fall. It's unclear whether the FDA will make a decision by then due to a number of complexities, including whether they will be authorized for the general public right away, or only for specific categories of higher-risk individuals.

Meanwhile, many international leaders, including the World Health Organization, have expressed concern about wealthy countries like the U.S. authorizing third doses while so many in poorer parts of the world have yet to get a single shot.

Maybe, under guidance from the U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, which says that fully vaccinated people—those who are at least two weeks out from their second Pfizer-BioNTech or Moderna dose, or the single-dose Johnson & Johnson shot—can visit with unvaccinated people from a single household. The caveat: If you have any risk factors for severe disease, like an underlying health condition, you may want to wait to visit until you're vaccinated. You may also want to skip it if the visit will involve interstate travel, which the CDC still does not recommend for unvaccinated people.

Encouraging evidence suggests the two-dose COVID-19 vaccines are about 90% effective at blocking infections, as well as symptomatic disease. So if your loved one is vaccinated, they seem unlikely to pass on the virus to you. The visit still carries a small amount of risk if you're unvaccinated, but it's pretty safe.

Once both you and your loved one have received both vaccine doses, you can feel even more confident about spending time together indoors and without masks.

Just like any vaccine, those authorized for emergency use against COVID-19 have gone through a rigorous review process by the U.S. Food and Drug Administration, which receives input from its expert vaccine advisory committee. If anything, Shen says, the FDA has given COVID-19 vaccine developers more stringent guidelines than usual. “They have told industry, ‘We need at least 30,000 individuals in a Phase 3 trial,’ and they usually don’t give a number,” she explains.

The FDA has also asked each manufacturer to track study participants for two months after they get fully vaccinated, to help ensure the vaccines do not come with serious side effects. The agency also said up front that it will not approve any vaccine less than 50% effective at preventing COVID-19, Shen says. (Pfizer, Moderna and Johnson & Johnson have so far reported that their vaccines are significantly more effective than that.)

The speed of vaccine development shouldn’t be cause for concern. It’s true that COVID-19 vaccines were developed much faster than typical shots, but that’s in part because pharmaceutical companies had massive amounts of government funding and manufacturing support—and because many other research efforts have been put on hold to facilitate vaccine development.

During the first month of vaccination in the U.S., there were only 4.5 severe allergic reactions per million doses administered, according to CDC data.

The risk is quite low, but the CDC recommends that anyone with a known allergy to polyethylene glycol, a component of both the Pfizer-BioNTech and Moderna vaccines, or polysorbate, a substance which may cause a similar reaction, avoid vaccination unless they’ve been cleared by an allergist-immunologist. Johnson & Johnson's vaccine does not contain polyethylene glycol.

People who have experienced allergic reactions after getting other vaccines should consult their doctors prior to vaccination, and alert providers at the vaccination site so they can be monitored for about 30 minutes after getting the shot.

People with other types of allergies—such as to foods, animals or oral medications—can get the shot.

Each COVID-19 vaccine was developed a bit differently, so they’ll each come with a unique set of potential side effects. Across brands, common reactions include pain or swelling at the injection site, fatigue, headaches or muscle aches and low-grade fever. For most people, these effects are fairly mild and clear after about a day.

Some people have also reported less-common side effects, including skin rashes and arm swelling more than a week after vaccination.

“If you can get a vaccine, you should,” Shen says. While natural antibodies likely provide some level of immunity against the virus, it’s not yet clear how well they work or how long they last. A vaccine is a surer bet for protection.

A study published in March underscores that conclusion. Researchers in Denmark found that COVID-19 survivors had, on average, about 80% protection against reinfection—but getting the disease again was possible. Elderly adults appeared to be at highest risk of reinfection. For people older than 65, a prior infection only provided 47% protection against a future one, the researchers found. A separate study published in April, which looked at U.S. Marines recruits ages 18-20, also found that 10% of those who had COVID-19 later tested positive for it again.

There is some evidence to suggest COVID-19 survivors mount a strong immune response after a single vaccine dose, but there's no official guidance to that effect at the moment—so you should plan on getting a full course of vaccinations even if you've had the virus.

It’s too soon to tell, but it's looking increasingly likely.

A recent study from Pfizer-BioNTech found that its vaccine offered protection for six months, but it's not yet clear if the shots will last even longer than that. Pfizer's CEO recently said people will "likely" need a third dose within a year of their second one, after which the shots could be given annually.

Following up with people who have gotten the vaccines will help determine how often they need to be re-upped.

They probably can, but many probably won’t, says Stacy Hawkins, an employment law expert at Rutgers Law School. As of January, employers polled by consulting firm West Monroe were split almost 50-50 on that question.

There is legal precedent for private employers requiring certain vaccinations—many health care facilities, for example, require staff members to get annual flu shots. That’s legal, as long as the employer offers accommodations for people with disabilities or religious objections, Hawkins says.

That said, Hawkins thinks most employers will encourage or incentivize COVID-19 vaccination, rather than flat-out requiring it as a condition for returning to or continuing in-person work. For one thing, COVID-19 vaccines have been granted emergency-use authorization, as opposed to full FDA approval. Typically, people have more legal leeway to refuse a product authorized under emergency use. (Pfizer and Moderna will reportedly apply for FDA approval soon. If it's granted, that will likely increase the chances of schools or employers requiring the shots.)

Hawkins adds that a mandatory vaccine policy can get businesses into tricky liability scenarios. Take a retail business. Employees who must report for in-person work, such as cashiers and stockroom employees, would face more immediate consequences from refusing a mandatory vaccine policy than would upper managerial staffers who could presumably work from home. It gets even stickier if one group of employees is predominantly of color, while the other is predominantly white, she says.

“Under federal workplace anti-discrimination law, even policies that are neutral on their face, like a mandatory vaccine policy, but that have a racially discriminatory impact, may give rise to employer liability,” Hawkins explains.

Yes. Different viruses cause the seasonal flu and COVID-19. And since it is possible to get both viruses in one season, doctors recommend you get both shots.