COVID-19 Vaccine Tracker

Estimates vary. Federal health authorities have said vaccines should be available to anyone who wants one by April 2021. But in December 2020, U.S. Surgeon General nominee Dr. Vivek Murthy said people should be prepared to wait until summer or even fall of 2021, depending on how smoothly rollout goes.

People who fit into several high-risk groups, however, will be eligible for vaccines much earlier, if they aren't already.

Each state gets to determine its own vaccine distribution, though the U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) has published recommendations to guide the process.

Frontline health care workers and residents of long-term care facilities are currently eligible for vaccination across the country. Many states have also begun vaccinating subsequent priority groups: elderly adults, essential workers and/or people with preexisting health conditions. In many areas, however, demand for vaccines is so high that even people who are technically eligible for shots have not been able to make appointments.

After those groups get access to vaccines, they will be rolled out to remaining American adults and teenagers. (For more information on kids and vaccination, click here.)

The answer to this question largely depends on where you live, since each state is handling distribution differently.

The CDC's vaccine advisory group initially recommended that health care workers and people living in long-term care facilities get the first doses. On Jan. 12, the Trump Administration issued new guidelines, recommending that all states expand access to adults 65 and older, as well as people with underlying medical conditions. But ultimately, each state gets to decide its own vaccine schedule—hence why 65-year-olds are currently eligible for shots in some states, but not others.

Perlman says the FDA’s vaccine advisory committee first discussed plans for getting the vaccine out to health care workers and nursing home residents, both of which are fairly fixed populations that are easy to locate. For people in later waves—like essential workers and people with underlying medical conditions—it might take “some self-advocacy,” Perlman admits.

“What I can imagine is people coming to a clinic, being told there are enough doses for people who have diabetes and are older, they’ll prove they have those things, and then they’ll get vaccinated,” Perlman says by way of example.

Some health systems are proactively identifying patients with conditions that put them at high risk of severe COVID-19—such as type 2 diabetes and heart disease—and messaging them about setting up appointments. In other areas, people must show proof of being a first responder or other essential worker. And in some places, anyone older than 65 is eligible for a shot.

In short, there’s no single answer to this question. Your best bet may be looking for information from your state health department or local hospital.

“This is really going to be dependent on the vaccine[s]” available in your area, Perlman says. The Pfizer-BioNTech vaccine, for example, must be stored at extremely cold temperatures and comes in boxes that contain 1,000 or more doses. A small clinic may not have the resources required to store the shots, or the demand to go through that many before they expire, which will probably make the Pfizer vaccine a better option for large hospitals or public vaccination centers. (Based on new data from recent studies, Pfizer has asked the FDA to loosen the storage-temperature requirements for its shot, which would allow it to be kept in conventional pharmaceutical freezers and greatly ease distribution.)

Moderna’s shot, by contrast, can be shipped at temperatures achieved by normal freezers and stored in standard refrigerators. That will make them easier to distribute in places like retail pharmacies and clinics. The Biden Administration has announced that vaccines will be delivered to some pharmacies starting Feb. 11 and to some community health centers the week of Feb. 15, although vaccines will not be available everywhere immediately. Retailers like Walmart are also beginning to help with vaccinations.

Vaccine allocations were partially determined by each state’s population, suggesting that people were meant to get vaccinated in their official state of residence. But already, there have been reports of people traveling to states with looser eligibility requirements to get vaccinated. Florida, which early on began vaccinating adults older than 65, has seen a surge in seniors traveling in from other states, for example. 

Nothing for the vaccine itself. The federal Operation Warp Speed program funded vaccine development with the intent that they be offered free to all Americans, regardless of insurance status.

The caveat: The facility where you get the vaccine may choose to charge something like an administrative fee.

Probably not—especially not at first.

Vaccine distribution plans vary from state to state. Depending on the proposals put together by your state’s health department, there may only be one type of vaccine available in your area, especially in the early phases of distribution when doses are limited.

We’ll learn more about how the different vaccines compare in the coming months. But in clinical trials, the shots made by Pfizer-BioNTech and Moderna (the only two authorized by the FDA so far) both appear to be almost 95% effective at preventing disease after two doses. AstraZeneca’s shot, which is not yet authorized in the U.S., looks to be about 70% effective on average.

Yes—but initial COVID-19 vaccine trials enrolled non-pregnant adults, so “there are no data on the safety and efficacy of COVID-19 vaccines [among people who are pregnant or breastfeeding] to inform vaccine recommendations,” the U.S. CDC says. Pfizer and BioNTech are testing their vaccine on 4,000 pregnant people around the world, but that trial may not finish for more than a year. Anecdotally, health officials have reported that 20,000 pregnant people in the U.S. have so far been vaccinated, without any red flags.

As of now, it’s essentially up to each individual to decide what to do. Some may decide it’s worth it to get vaccinated, given that studies have shown pregnant people are at risk of severe disease or pregnancy complications if they get sick with COVID-19. “Women who are pregnant and/or lactating should not be excluded from what are identified as high priority populations for the COVID-19 vaccine allocation strategy,” the chair of the American College of Obstetricians and Gynecologists said in an October statement.

While many U.S. public health groups have taken that stance, others have been more cautious. The World Health Organization, for example, says Moderna's COVID-19 vaccine is "currently not recommended" for pregnant people—but that's given the lack of data, not documented safety concerns.

When the U.S. Food and Drug Administration granted emergency-use authorization to Pfizer-BioNTech’s vaccine, it did so only for people ages 16 and older; Moderna’s shot was authorized only in people 18 and older. That means, at least for now, that younger children cannot get a COVID-19 vaccine in the U.S.

Initial clinical trials studied COVID-19 vaccine candidates only in adults. Pfizer and Moderna have started enrolling children as young as 12 for their studies. And Oxford University is now testing its vaccine, which was developed in coordination with AstraZeneca and has not yet been approved in the U.S., in kids as young as six. But Shen says it will likely take manufacturers a while to amass enough data for health officials to recommend a vaccine for younger kids.

“Once [data are] collected and analyzed, you could imagine a staggered rollout that would go to older children first, down to age 12, and then down to a lower age group,” Shen says, but it’s not clear when that would happen.

Until then, parents will have to help their kids—who have fortunately been mostly spared the worst of COVID-19’s effects—take non-vaccine precautions, such as masking and social distancing.

Not fully, if you are vaccinated with the vaccines currently available to the public in the U.S., which are made by Pfizer-BioNTech and Moderna. Almost all of the COVID-19 vaccines authorized or in development are designed to be given in two separate doses, a few weeks apart. The exception is the single-dose vaccine made by Johnson & Johnson, which is 66% effective against COVID-19; the company applied for emergency authorization for its vaccine on Feb. 4.

When you receive the first dose of a two-dose vaccine, it kick-starts your body’s immune system. The second significantly strengthens your immune response. Israeli research suggests the Pfizer-BioNTech vaccine is around 85% effective at preventing disease after a single dose, but to reap the full benefits, you need both.

No. The CDC says the currently authorized COVID-19 vaccines are "not interchangeable with each other or with other COVID-19 vaccine products."

The FDA’s vaccine advisory committee has discussed the possibility of eventually mixing doses, according to Perlman, since most of the vaccines target the same protein within the body, even though they do so using different technologies. So far, however, each vaccine has only been studied independently, so experts are calling for everyone to get two doses of the same shot.

In the U.K., experts have said it may be necessary to mix and match doses on "extremely rare occasions," but maintain that ideally both doses should come from the same manufacturer.

When you get your first dose, you should get a card on which your health care provider will mark the date and brand of the shot. The card will also say when you’re due for your second dose.

If you lose your card, don’t panic. CNN reports that many states will also keep searchable records of patients’ immunization statuses. Some providers may also use voluntary text message reminder programs to prompt patients to come in for their second dose.

Not right away. It’s crucial to understand that these vaccines prevent you from getting sick with COVID-19, but they don’t necessarily prevent you from getting infected.

There have been some promising signs that COVID-19 vaccines may prevent infections, as well as symptoms of the disease. Preliminary data from Moderna’s trial, for example, suggest there were about two-thirds fewer positive test results among people who got a single dose of its shot versus the placebo. And in Israel, researchers found preliminary evidence that people who’d been vaccinated with one dose of the Pfizer-BioNTech vaccine tested positive for COVID-19 about 33% less frequently than unvaccinated people.

More research is required to conclude anything, which means it’s possible that, even if you’re vaccinated and never experience symptoms, you could potentially still carry and spread the virus. Plus, no vaccine is 100% effective.

Especially in the early days of rollout, when many people haven’t yet been vaccinated, it will be important to keep wearing masks and practicing social distancing to avoid putting unprotected people at risk of serious disease, Shen says.

That won’t last forever, but it will take a while for coverage to be widespread enough to drop other precautions. Shen says it’s impossible to predict exactly when you can put your masks in storage. It depends how quickly people get vaccinated, which will be dictated by both the logistics of distribution and the public’s willingness to get their shots.

Your grandparents (and probably some other relatives) will likely get vaccinated before you do. Once a loved one has received both vaccine doses, you can feel more confident that a visit won’t get them sick—but you should still wear a mask and practice social distancing, especially if you have not yet been vaccinated.

The COVID-19 vaccines available now have only been confirmed to protect against illness, not to block infection entirely. There is encouraging evidence that the shots also reduce the chances of getting asymptomatically infected, but research in that area is ongoing. That means there’s a chance that if you went to visit grandma while unknowingly carrying the virus, she could potentially still pick it up and transmit it to others, even if she herself didn’t get sick. She could also potentially infect you if she had previously been exposed. Plus, no vaccine is 100% effective, even though the currently available COVID-19 shots come awfully close.

Once both you and your loved one have received both vaccine doses, you can feel more confident about spending time together indoors and without masks. Until then, however, it’s best to play it safe.

Just like any vaccine, those authorized for emergency use against COVID-19 have gone through a rigorous review process by the U.S. Food and Drug Administration, which receives input from its expert vaccine advisory committee. If anything, Shen says, the FDA has given COVID-19 vaccine developers more stringent guidelines than usual. “They have told industry, ‘We need at least 30,000 individuals in a Phase 3 trial,’ and they usually don’t give a number,” she explains.

The FDA has also asked each manufacturer to track study participants for two months after they get fully vaccinated, to help ensure the vaccines do not come with serious side effects. The agency also said up front that it will not approve any vaccine less than 50% effective at preventing COVID-19, Shen says. (Pfizer, Moderna and AstraZeneca have so far reported that their vaccines are significantly more effective than that.)

The speed of vaccine development shouldn’t be cause for concern. It’s true that COVID-19 vaccines were developed much faster than typical shots, but that’s in part because pharmaceutical companies had massive amounts of government funding and manufacturing support—and because many other research efforts have been put on hold to facilitate vaccine development.

During the first month of vaccination in the U.S., there were only 4.5 severe allergic reactions per million doses administered, according to CDC data.

The risk is quite low, but the CDC recommends that anyone with a known allergy to polyethylene glycol, a component of both the Pfizer-BioNTech and Moderna vaccines, or polysorbate, a substance which may cause a similar reaction, avoid vaccination unless they’ve been cleared by an allergist-immunologist.

People who have experienced allergic reactions after getting other vaccines should consult their doctors prior to vaccination, and alert providers at the vaccination site so they can be monitored for about 30 minutes after getting the shot.

People with other types of allergies—such as to foods, animals or oral medications—can get the shot.

Each of the COVID-19 vaccine candidates was developed a bit differently, so they’ll each come with a unique set of potential side effects.

Initially, there was some speculation about whether people who have had COVID-19—and thus have likely developed antibodies, proteins produced by the body to fight infection—would be barred from getting the shot, since they presumably already have some level of protection against the virus.

One paper posted online in December (which was not yet peer-reviewed) suggested it could be beneficial for COVID-19 survivors to wait to get vaccinated until those who have not had the virus get their shots, so that everyone has some amount of protection. The CDC’s vaccine advisory committee also suggested that if vaccine supplies run low among health care workers, those who have had COVID-19 within the past 90 days could wait to get vaccinated to free up doses for those without antibodies.

But as of now, there is no official policy preventing COVID-19 survivors from getting vaccinated, and experts have pretty clear guidance for those individuals: “If you can get a vaccine, you should,” Shen says. While natural antibodies likely provide some level of immunity against the virus, it’s not yet clear how well they work or how long they last. A vaccine is a surer bet for protection.

It’s too soon to tell. Following up with people who have gotten the vaccines will help answer that question over time. They may end up being annual shots, like the flu vaccine; long-lasting shots that require occasional boosters, like the tetanus vaccine; or, possibly, lifetime-long immunizations.

They probably can, but many probably won’t, says Stacy Hawkins, an employment law expert at Rutgers Law School. As of January, employers polled by consulting firm West Monroe were split almost 50-50 on that question.

There is legal precedent for private employers requiring certain vaccinations—many health care facilities, for example, require staff members to get annual flu shots. That’s legal, as long as the employer offers accommodations for people with disabilities or religious objections, Hawkins says.

That said, Hawkins thinks most employers will encourage or incentivize COVID-19 vaccination, rather than flat-out requiring it as a condition for returning to or continuing in-person work. For one thing, COVID-19 vaccines have been granted emergency-use authorization, as opposed to full FDA approval. Typically, people have more legal leeway to refuse a product authorized under emergency use.

Hawkins adds that a mandatory vaccine policy can get businesses into tricky liability scenarios. Take a retail business. Employees who must report for in-person work, such as cashiers and stockroom employees, would face more immediate consequences from refusing a mandatory vaccine policy than would upper managerial staffers who could presumably work from home. It gets even stickier if one group of employees is predominantly of color, while the other is predominantly white, she says.

“Under federal workplace anti-discrimination law, even policies that are neutral on their face, like a mandatory vaccine policy, but that have a racially discriminatory impact, may give rise to employer liability,” Hawkins explains.

Yes. Different viruses cause the seasonal flu and COVID-19. And since it is possible to get both viruses in one season, doctors recommend you get both shots.