--- title: The History of Rural Black Land Loss description: Even as the civil rights revolution brought significant gains to Black residents of cities, the story was very different in rural places. canonical: https://time.com/6340527/black-land-loss/ author: TIME article:opinion: false article:content_tier: free article:published_time: 2023-12-17T14:00:00.000Z article:modified_time: 2026-08-04T07:50:44.227Z article:section: History og:title: Rural Black Land Loss Has Been a Problem for Seven Decades og:description: Even as the civil rights revolution brought significant gains to Black residents of cities, the story was very different in rural places. og:url: https://time.com/6340527/black-land-loss/ og:site_name: TIME og:image: https://static.time.com/v3/assets/bltea6093859af6183b/bltd7557fb190f619d3/698a42c801168259ab983aea/tenant-farmers.jpg?branch=production&width=1024&quality=75&auto=webp&crop=16:9 og:image:width: 1024 og:image:height: 576 og:image:alt: Tenant Farmer Family Standing in Field og:type: article twitter:card: summary_large_image twitter:title: Rural Black Land Loss Has Been a Problem for Seven Decades twitter:description: Even as the civil rights revolution brought significant gains to Black residents of cities, the story was very different in rural places. twitter:image: https://static.time.com/v3/assets/bltea6093859af6183b/bltd7557fb190f619d3/698a42c801168259ab983aea/tenant-farmers.jpg?branch=production&width=1024&quality=75&auto=webp&crop=16:9 ---  # The Quest for Racial Equality Has Always Been Different for Rural Americans > Sponsored content. 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Lopez / Made by History](https://time.com/author/made-by-history/) ## Ansley Quiros and Allie R. Lopez / Made by History Dec 17, 2023 2:00 PM UTC  A family of Black tenant farmers takes a break from working in the fields to watch Alabama Governor George Wallace and his entourage drive past en route to town from the airport. Tuscaloosa, Ala., June 10, 1963. A family of Black tenant farmers takes a break from working in the fields to watch Alabama Governor George Wallace and his entourage drive past en route to town from the airport. Tuscaloosa, Ala., June 10, 1963. Bettmann Archive by [Ansley Quiros and Allie R. Lopez / Made by History](https://time.com/author/made-by-history/) ## Ansley Quiros and Allie R. Lopez / Made by History Dec 17, 2023 2:00 PM UTC Eighty-three-year-old Corine Woodson is poised to suffer a devastating blow: the [loss of the home](https://www.al.com/news/2023/11/alabama-woman-fights-developers-attempt-to-buy-her-home-of-60-years.html) she shared with her late husband—who died in 2022—[for over 60 years](https://www.wtvm.com/2023/11/15/wtvm-investigates-84-year-old-auburn-woman-forced-sell-home-over-60-years/). Her land, 40 acres set amid rolling pines outside of Auburn, Ala., was purchased in 1911 and passed down through generations, a rare example of Black land ownership in the Deep South. But in recent years, this once rural property, now parsed out among various family members in a form of ownership known as “tenants in common,” has caught the attention of investors who hope to purchase and develop properties they consider prime real estate. Cleveland Brothers Incorporated bought out Woodson’s relatives, accumulating 49% ownership of the previously Black-owned property. Now, the case is making news as it heads toward the Alabama Supreme Court, with the company declaring that it will suffer “financial harm” if Woodson delays the sale of her share. (A representative of Cleveland Brothers told WTVM that Woodson could stay on the property for a year even if the sale goes through.) Soon, Cleveland Brothers will probably purchase the remaining property, displacing Woodson. “It’s happening right before our eyes,” Melissa Woodson, Corine’s daughter and a licensed realtor [said](https://www.wtvm.com/2023/11/15/wtvm-investigates-84-year-old-auburn-woman-forced-sell-home-over-60-years/), “and the sad thing is that there is very little we can do about it.” Stories like Woodson’s have been common for Black residents of the rural South for more than a century. The continuation of patterns of Black land dispossession exposes how—for all of the civil rights gains made over the last 60 years—there is still much to be done to secure racial equality in the U.S. At the turn of the 20th century, Black landowners owned and operated 890,000 farms. Around midcentury, however, that number [began to decline sharply](https://uncpress.org/book/9781469622071/dispossession/). Beginning in 1950, they lost more than half a million farms; by 1970, only 45,000 remained. During the 1960s alone, the Black farm count in 10 southern states dropped by 88%. ### More From TIME **_Read More:_** [The Forgotten School Integration Story that Challenges What We Think We Know](https://time.com/6321898/civil-rights-integration-wendell-gunn/) This drop off reflected how, for decades, wealthy white people utilized the power they held in their communities as government officials and business owners to push local Black people off land that their families had lived on for generations. Local white people also exploited new laws and subsidies to remove landowners or renters, deploying what an Emergency Land Fund report in 1974 described as, “a great deal of chicanery.” New capital-intensive farming practices also favored the wealthy, while industrial development led to corporate interest in rural tracts, driving up prices. Rural Black women were particularly vulnerable to these threats of dispossession. Take Susie Young, for instance. Within two weeks of the death of her husband in 1955, Young received notice from the Allison Lumber Company that she had to vacate the land her family rented from them and had tended for over 20 years in Choctaw County, Ala. They considered her now incapable of maintaining the property. One Black Perry County, Ala., woman had a similar experience. After the death of her mother in the 1950s, a nearby white landowner returned to claim the 60 acres her parents had bought decades prior claiming he “didn’t sell \[her\] that land.” Though the family retained counsel and provided proof of purchase, they were nevertheless pushed off their land. Black landowners often lacked formal deeds, and white judges frequently ruled against their claims. Even as the Civil Rights Act of 1964 and the Voting Rights Act of 1965 afforded Black Americans new opportunities and greater equality in many areas of life, these laws didn’t address land loss. In fact, the 1960s introduced a massive contradiction: at the same moment Black Americans achieved political gains, they were also experiencing a quiet economic catastrophe, the result of what historian Pete Daniel calls “intended consequences.” Of course, civil rights organizations recognized the impact of Black land loss, not only for landowners but also for sharecroppers and tenant farmers. The [Student Nonviolent Coordinating Committee (SNCC)](https://snccdigital.org/), the Congress of Racial Equality (CORE), Federation of Southern Cooperatives (FSC), and regional groups, such as the Southwest Alabama Farmers Cooperative Association (SWAFCA), pushed back against white structural control and assisted Black people facing displacement. They understood that resistance to economic exploitation was inextricably intertwined with the civil rights movement’s racial justice initiatives. In 1968, for instance, the United States Commission on Civil Rights (USCCR) conducted an investigation of land dispossession in Alabama’s Black Belt. The Commission found that rural Black men and women were pushed off land at higher rates than whites, denied protections and grants by local Farmers Home Administration (FHmA) and Agricultural Stabilization and Conservation Service (ASCS) officials, and intimidated by hostile neighbors. Civil rights organizations and the USCCR advised stronger enforcement of federal protections against discrimination and fair access to federal programs and grants. But it was state and local offices, often run by racist whites, that controlled implementation of these programs. This structure meant that racial equality and programs to assist the poor were nothing more than [“empty promises and a cruel hoax.”](https://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/pt?id=uc1.b3292981&seq=8) Decades later, the federal government agreed. In 1997, a group of Black farmers filed a massive class-action lawsuit against the U.S. Department of Agriculture, arguing that between 1981 and 1996, the department had discriminated against them on the basis of race. The USDA denied Black farmers loans and delayed assistance, which resulted in land loss. The plaintiffs won. The decision in [_Pigford v Glickman_](https://www.rafiusa.org/blog/tbt-when-black-farmers-prevailed-remembering-the-historic-pigford-case/) and a subsequent settlement inspired a second round of filings in 2010, known as _Pigford II_. In his landmark opinion, District Judge Paul Friedman [acknowledged ](https://www.cnn.com/2011/10/28/us/black-farmers/index.html)that, despite the settlement, “historical discrimination cannot be undone for the broken promise to African Americans and their descendants.” **_Read More:_** [How Civil Rights Were Made—and Remade—By Black Communities In the Jim Crow South](https://time.com/6317203/civil-rights-jim-crow-south-credit-essay/) But these struggles have gone unnoticed by most Americans. Traditional civil rights narratives have typically centered urban spaces like Atlanta, Birmingham, or Memphis. Yet even as the civil rights revolution brought significant gains to Black residents of those cities, the story was very different in rural places like Lee County, Ga., or [Lowndes County, Ala](https://nyupress.org/9780814743317/bloody-lowndes/). As activist [Wendell Paris](https://crdl.usg.edu/people/paris%5Fwendell%5Fh%5F1945) put it, “the civil rights movement passed over Sumter County, Alabama, altogether.” In rural spaces, the same old local white power structures continued to dominate county boards and courts, while wielding new tools to exclude and limit Black Americans. Land loss was one of these. Rural stories of dispossession like Woodson’s—and the sobering reality that they continue to happen—challenge popular civil rights narratives. These hopeful, progress oriented arcs, reveal an American propensity for national congratulation and, as [Jeanne Theoharis](https://www.beacon.org/A-More-Beautiful-and-Terrible-History-P1333.aspx) has contended, “place the struggle against racial inequality firmly in the past.” And yet, white supremacist power has not disappeared. While some of its iterations remain overt, others have shapeshifted since the 1960s, adopting new rhetoric and tactics even as they wreak familiar devastation on Black lives and Black communities. [Redlining](https://publichealth.berkeley.edu/news-media/research-highlights/50-years-after-being-outlawed-redlining-still-drives-neighborhood-health-inequities/), [gerrymandering](https://www.cnn.com/2023/09/09/politics/gerrymandering-what-matters/index.html), [harsh sentencing](https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/wonk/wp/2017/11/16/black-men-sentenced-to-more-time-for-committing-the-exact-same-crime-as-a-white-person-study-finds/), and [predatory lending](https://www.nytimes.com/2016/01/03/opinion/debt-and-the-racial-wealth-gap.html) have proliferated just as talk of colorblindness has become mainstream. Indeed, as professions of racial parity have increased so have discrepancies in outcomes, hidden and compounded by the invisible hands of racial capitalism. In 1968, C.H. Erskine Smith, then Chairman of the USCCR’s Alabama State Advisory Committee implored: “the people of rural Alabama and the rural South must not be forgotten.” To understand the long Black freedom struggle and to seek racial justice today means that we must heed his call. _Ansley Quiros is an associate professor of history at the University of North Alabama and author of_ [God With Us: Lived Theology and the Freedom Struggle in Americus, 1942-1976.](https://urldefense.com/v3/%5F%5Fhttps://uncpress.org/book/9781469646763/god-with-us/%5F%5F;!!IBzWLUs!QZ7%5Fjl2%5FUhQi%5FThsMz8cM3slt1wZGzNSsoJWvm8ZUdrYUjdqgi6Llnyqggej0JLjSccwCRavN8V%5FLhgjYSZKkeU%5F0F8$) _She and Dr. Matthew Schoenbachler are currently working on a memoir with Dr. Wendell Gunn._ _Allie R. Lopez is Ph.D candidate in history at Baylor University, writing a dissertation on the freedom struggle in rural Alabama._ _Made by History takes readers beyond the headlines with articles written and edited by professional historians._ [_Learn more about Made by History at TIME here_](https://time.com/6317798/introducing-made-by-history-for-time/)_._ ## Transcript Where can I buy a good puppy. Barbados. 28 West. 18. A wave of evictions. That's what one New Orleans. Official is anticipating some states. Have extended protections. Many. I'm not and housing Advocates warn. We could be headed toward a massive waves of homelessness. Eviction notice. The second one. I haven't read it yet but it can't be that nice. Owner wants it. That's an apartment tonight. It's in the government, Hayes. It's in my landlord tenant. The government they told me to stop working, and they told me that they were going to fund me because I can no longer work. I put my trust in them. So we stayed home and in the process of the missiles that didn't suck it. Covid-19 temperature in the US economy has made Americus housing crisis painfully clear in Louisiana, landlords are losing up to 160 million dollars in rent. Each month in New Orleans were service jobs of disappeared. Paying rent has become impossible for many eviction moratorium to offer limited Protections in this city or week, renters rights in a severe lack of affordable. Housing has created chaos, particularly for black women. New Orleans had a high rate of eviction before covid-19, that is now suffering. A kind of displacement not seen since hurricane Katrina 97% of everyone being evicted for black women. Is there a president? What's up baby? Life jacket? How can you be challenged? If it's easy, it's not a chance. Usually, I stay here and I go on the different sites like Craigslist GoSection8 nola.com. I think it's called Zillow or something like that. Always do try to find housing. Wow, they tried to get an education. Are we Frozen? Yep. Chad is giving me a bigger mess with headache than I thought. I had Could you not saying anything Bella? Monday through Friday. We have to be by mother on the computer doing work and sometimes it's hard for her because she's looking for a house and try to be happy, but we all know she struggled. I found out about the pandemic and labor. I had to kind of March 10th. I moved in here, February like 20th, the middle of May, I started turning the air on and realize that you know I was getting warmer and warmer so I can go into like 8284 didn't went to 8893. So I could I sit in the house with a three month old baby at 98323 weather. He wouldn't eat. He wouldn't eat. I bought him to the hospital twice. Woke up one morning, he better go open his eyes and was just bumps heat rashes everywhere on him. My heart dropped, like, I didn't know what to do. I just, I grabbed them ran to the hospital crime. I was dealing with the pandemic, a bad landlord no air condition and traveling around with a three-month-old. The hardest thing I've done in my life, all I wanted was there. That's it. I work my butt off to get this house. So, just have to lose my deposit when I didn't do anything. I was just on the short end of the stick. Is my lawyer texting now she's texting me houses. OK Google pass tomorrow. Legally. This is Hannah and I wanted to get an update from you. I got an email back from your landlord. Where that free civil legal aid agencies in New Orleans and the surrounding region are pretty wild. I would say that each of us probably has at least 100 open cases right now. Please leave your message. There is a federal eviction ban in place right now. On evictions, for non-payment of rent, you're covered. I don't think there's anything. I can do everything all over brand new, but I appreciate all your Yeah, I know and I understand, I know this is really, really stressful weekend at the range of time for you to go over there and get the rest of your stuff. You can maybe be done with this table. I'm not worried at all about you getting evicted. It's in my pile for today, so I'll have to get back to you later. Is that okay? We're seeing people experience. Housing is stability in a way that we've never seen before with the possible exception of right after Katrina. Hurricane, Katrina created a massive affordable, housing prices in New Orleans for two reasons. One, is that we lost something like eighty percent of our rental housing stock overnight and then almost all of our public lands was demolished and we were switched to a voucher base housing, subsidy system rents skyrocketed. So a lot of families ended up being priced out when they were trying to come home after Katrina. With that New Orleans lost, I believe 100,000 black people from the sea, the market has continued to rise since then for everyone affordable apartment. There's going to be 25 10in, sliding down the block for that apartment because there's such a shortage of affordable housing. People are being permanently displaced from the city similar to how they were displaced from the city after Katrina, More than anything else. I didn't need rent assistance right now, just money. So that renters can pay rent, and so that landlord can pay their mortgages. You have to be prepared for the possibility that the judge will issue a 24-hour eviction tomorrow. I know. Okay, thank you so much. We don't have the resources to get every person, an eviction court and attorneys. How many are going to fall through the cracks? No, Aunt. Flo. One of the potential landlord a property owner property on Pinterest. Calling me back. I don't know if the phone hung up cuz I need a voicemail so I rather leave a voicemail from the start. It is a shithouse. Shit, landlord an appointment pandemic? In an unprecedented move, the Centers for Disease Control announced a temporary National moratorium on evictions, which says that eviction pose a health hazard during the pandemic. I can't wait to get out of here. I will bring some stuff down there. Clean his room down. There is my mom's mom. My mom died. When I was two. That's why I always try to be there for my daughter drink. Cuz I didn't have my mom. Hurricane, Lauren is supposed to hit tonight and I have to be out by 12 tomorrow. He said, I didn't want to leave out of town and then not be here to move my stuff and then he just put all my furniture out so you know what I'm saying. And I can't find it. I was like right now because everybody that I kind of take is out of town, you know? So I'm in a real pickle. My heart reason. I got a little anxiety. Come on, baby. What's wrong, baby? Tell me where have you been? What are you watching my mom? I'm on my way back in my old room for three days. The 2020 Atlantic hurricane season is been the busiest on record Louisiana. We talked about that with my picketside, telling people not to rent this house. Purposeful person while they can't stand a person who it is. My little baby was so sick. When I first moved in, I was just happy to help out the house. I always live with my child's father, been waiting for 16 years, so I was starting fresh on my own. I didn't even get to finish decorating it. So, For Hurricane. Katrina, I was 20. My daughter was three we left and went to Mississippi to Texas to Alexandria, Louisiana that he was staying and then I will make you refrigerator stove bed. Another 30 minutes I should be out. I remember washing clothes and hotels. I remember standing in a long line, trying to get assistance. I just remember tears and pain. I love you, I love you. Call me right back. I've been trying to get in touch with you. Can I take a lock of your apartment but you mind, if I take pictures, Oh my God. Okay. Nothing in the City of Racine troll. Nothing in this country is racing fuel because American housing policy is wrought with deep racial inequity. Studies show. And I see every day that the people who are disproportionately impacted by eviction are black people in New Orleans, I'm physically black women and the neighborhood that are disproportionately impacted by evictions day are the exact same neighborhoods that were a red line, two generations ago, the economic inequality, that that created is the current eviction process which of course, is proportionately than impacts the same communities. Thank you for coming. Yeah. Hey, so Dominique Inc. Landlord put her stuff out and changed a lot for her. And I don't know why it's putting for a blanket that was totally illegal. The renters rights is a, we put out a call for volunteers, so they'll build text Dominic directly if someone can come out. Okay. Thank you so much electricity. If if you don't know how you feel but later you can elaborate on the different emotions and feelings. A little frayed excited already. Great helpful. I only qualify for a two-bedroom. I'll be off. I'm depending on the house. And one of the things that is in there, that everybody do know, if it's out here, it's hard. It's hard to find. I want to find a house then I can move forward to get it inspected, anything like that. But first, I have to find a house. That's the biggest thing. Can you have a deadline of October? I'm in my grandmother house cuz this where I feel most comfortable Some guy. Oh no, I'm not telling like it already. Afghanistan T20. Hi. I had a house in the eat and the guy went to fix the air condition. He was 3 months nosebleeds Bronx, Total is not required. Play. Eric Network wire. I thought that. I was going to get the same thing because they said they're not liable to I know all this is crazy. Like we have the worst long. I'm going to Baton Rouge to Texas. What did I just say? Okay, baby. Almost six. Six nine. Hey, Miss Lee. This is Ron. I spoke with you yesterday about coming to see the house. Rhonda. Grinder with Ann Arbor. Awesome. Thank you so much. It still worries me a little bit because it's unclear whether the the CDC in a bar on evictions, whether that order prevent an eviction once a week with expired. He knows that you're looking and he might be willing to do like a consent agreement, that gives you a certain amount of time that gives you, Thirty Days to move out. So that should be more than enough time. I was more productive than they've been. I had to. I got scared. Shut up. I don't want. I didn't want you getting stuck into anything and be stuck in the same situation a year from now, because I was pushed out, and I couldn't properly look for what I needed the city's, freaking turned upside down, like, I call people all freaking day long. Tomorrow, it'll be a little bit more formal. I'll call you to witness and I have, you say your name and address for the record and then I'll ask you a series of question, okay? Kmart. Bring it back, please. We got this good luck. Be safe. The judge offered him, the opportunity to get in the car and I think I mean, I won't be that again until after October 3rd. That might give you enough time. Haven't been able to move out or you don't have a date. We are trying to go. She ate as well will take it as far as any of the boxes that I can put something in the complimentary box or something but then that many bribery or something, I don't know. I'm awake. Now, back in New Orleans, missing my baby still no houses. I'm going to go to Alexandria Louisiana tomorrow and sell Summer Place. Dinners like stuffed bell, peppers, seafood pasta and some gumbo and they bring my baby back and then figure out what I'm going to do after that. I don't know. I don't know. It just seemed like every time I have a few dollars, save something comes up and that has to go. Everything that I plan doesn't happen. The way I'm thinking is going to happen, no matter what nobody says, no matter how I plan it is just not right. I just want to get him a comeback. And be happy. I had to just ask my sister cuz, you know, we were a Jehovah Witness. So I was just like, if I would life is already planned out by God, maybe I'm supposed to be going through all this like, no matter how hard I try. It's just Not working. I don't know. Can I at least see if I had really did something to get put out. I just needed air for my baby. Carlos. Hey monkey. Big addiction hurts a Mama baby? Oh, I come and get my baby. You go talk to him now. Alright baby. Love you see y'all tomorrow. Okay. Now Umami. I love you too long. I miss you. Chicago family. I know if it was probably anybody else they would have given up by now. I would like to see her cry. So I try to help her I'm trying to help you the best that I can which is why I had to come just so she could go work just as you can get back on her feet cuz she's never been the type to just let things roll over on her. Going to get her. Book book, book, book book book book. Derek Hough. It's 7, get back. What's up? All right. Baby is 22. Okay. Remember what I put out for the bowls and stuff? I made it back. A chicken. Current temperature in Clermont. I feel like this, I'm leaving a whole year behind this is 2020. Take a picture of him, that's what it look like. I know, I like that in my life. America's housing crisis continues to worsen the true number of people displaced from their homes. Could be double what eviction records show and Americans opilionids of dollars in background, threatening stability for both printers in them. In New Orleans, housing Advocates have called for Solutions, I called the eviction Court canceling written mortgages and paying off landlords and Banks directly. But the city had a chance to do right by its low income residence after Katrina and it failed. Leaving money to ask. Why is this time around any different? I don't really consider New Orleans home anymore. It was before Katrina. I'm just here until I make up my mind where I want to go. Yeah, for sure. I made it to the next Jose, okay? New Orleans. Let a lot of people down with this covid stuff. It was Deja Vu like they did as bad for Katrina. Also for me just a different disaster. Everything is just a mess. Again. Dorothy Mitchum. Tell us a story about what happened today. Do you know what parking is like in Chapel Hill? It's the same people all the time. I've talked to them numerous times I have That might threaten them. I'm sick and tired of scrap. You going to keep disrespecting me. I cannot start disrespecting. You I won't hurt you. February 10th 2015. The whole world was watching Chapel Hill. And seconds. When you immediately Hotel our children. Shocking. Triple murder with a college town of Chapel Hill, North Carolina police were gunned down. Three Muslim college. Students, 23 year old dies in December Twenty-One year old user Abu sell hot also killed her sister nineteen-year-old. Victims family members are questioning whether the shooting was a hate crime. Who is this man? Someone motivated by hate or someone so obsessed by parking spaces out of condominium that he shoots to kill. All rise. Show me a reason if it's not hate no. Act is singularly motivated. We do a lot of what we do for reasons. We are not even aware of ourselves. The question is, how did our children live? And why did they die? In the who would have thought on the first floor with whoever hasn't in the home yet. LOL. It was a great afternoon officers arrived and were able to relay on the radio that this is really serious crime here. Please save me a lot of sirens flashing lights Dark Nights. There's father was just chilling. I want answers, I want the answers to him, if he's dead, and then I froze. I was just walking around. Look at Vehicles eyes my off at me and I was holding her stomach rocking in his chair and saying, oh God, please no. Please or gods or God my father called me and said, you said, why did we learn her face? A true Testament of faith and how you react during times of hardship. He said yes or India are with your lord now. I said, Baba, who was the third victim of the shooting? They told me I was on, was visiting them for dinner. I went to an ocean without two bottom when I keep going down and down and down. There is a clock that I stopped took the battery out and stopped at five 6 p.m. Cuz I know that that was the time of the shooting. And for me, that is what the time in my life stopped. Higher higher higher. Today is like, our baby was born. We're so happy. They just were in love and could see it in their eyes. They were like role models in our community. I was two years older than Eucerin, four years older than resign. I used to look up to my sister's although they were younger than me because I felt that they were better than me and many ways. Yes, sir. Her name means he's and she sort of radiated, a sense of he's everywhere. She went yes, I got into UNC School of Dentistry where she was going to join the Oregon was just a giver. The artistic one out of us, all. I used to imagine what our Our Lives going to be like like are we going to one day? Share a cul-de-sac where our kids are playing around. sometimes I feel like it's hard to describe him because he's my brother. It was unconditional friend. Take a picture with me. They are always very, very smart and very kind, very gentle. Being a mother. It was everything I want. That sense of Happiness just is not possible anymore. The Amazons. This is the one that she does disco lights. For her first quarter and the design school. If Mets colors wedding dress, she tried many dresses, that's when she wore this one. Oh my God. She looks like her and you could better for them. Three together. He was refused to share everything. And I know that he now feeling lonely. Come get ready. There isn't a textbook outline of how to go through something like this is a family. Because things like this are not supposed to happen, things like this can destroy families things like this can destroy communities. 3, most of the young people murdered in our quaint Progressive College Community. And those things were very hard to make sense of Very early in that investigation, we were hearing from residents who had had encounters over parking with mr. Hicks Chapel Hill, Police were going door-to-door, talking to neighbors, he had issues a lot of issues with people noise in the neighborhood and parking issues and quickly became clear that was a source of conflict for him and his neighbors. When there's unusually troubling event, we want to provide reassurance of the community that we believe it's isolated and that we don't think there's an ongoing threat because of his, you can imagine it by 8:30, or 9. Next morning. We were getting inquiries literally from all around the world. We put out in it and it shall statement and it was factual talk name, the victim's name, the suspect that he had turned himself in and we were charging him with murder and that our preliminary investigation suggested this interaction developed out of a dispute. Over parking, Steven Hicks 46 years old to 70 summerwalk Circle in Chapel Hill even charged with three counts of first-degree murder in. He's in the Durham County jail right now. This is not a federal investigation yet. Pretty quickly. We learned that it didn't have the effect that we hoped it would have. Alright, now you're on Twitter, you can see the hashtag Muslim lives matter, just flooding the feed already judged and I've been talking all morning about the rush to call this incredible tragedy. An issue over parking space, equally in comprehensible to me is Facebook page said, he's an ordained minister who enjoys target practice, his pose cover everything from condemning religion, to showing off his revolver, but also supporting equal rights. His wife says, there's no way. I had nothing to do with religion or victim's face on television. I was very disappointed via lived at the apartment complex for a couple of years and he have Directions with Craig Hicks. But we believe that those interactions escalated. When you saw, who wore the headscarf, arrived on the scene when she married the moved in. Craig Hanks. I think the way he was looking at his neighborhood was that it was changing was diversifying. My mom told my sister that she was worried. My father told him, you guys need to go and get a restraining order from the police and that was their next step. I was what they were working on immediately after the murder, is it really wasn't necessarily a time for us to heal. It was a time for us to act. Investigate these senseless and heinous murders as a hate crime technology and maybe people start understanding that that, you know, it's not my phobia or or hate or ignorance can until next week to make their case they say it's important to them to prevent other Muslims from becoming victims of similar crimes. He really felt like if this murder was classified as a part in dispute, then it's just another example of how aggression even like row aggressions against the Wilson Community will continue to be underreported will continue to be kind of swept under the rug because we prefer a more romanticized and we're whitewashed version of where we are. I'm seeing a lot of cases as you might imagine over 35 years of being a judge. And I certainly heard case is on the state level in North Carolina that qualified as a hate crime. Sometimes is very clear and it's a pernicious pipe across the white supremacist behind a gruesome hate crime, three. Men chain James Byrd Jr. To the back of a truck in June of 1998. Dragging him nearly three miles on a Rural Road near the Louisiana border, hate crime. They did that because it was black, they told everybody, they were going to kill him because he was black. That's the kind of hate crime that occurs in many, many places, and what the federal government is trying to protect against Are you be the first attempts to create something like a hate crime? I work anti-lynching statutes. Each time they were filibustered by Southern Senators. The first true hate crime, legislation was passed the federal level in 1969, that made it a crime to prevent someone from engaging in some sort of activity on account of race, religion or ethnicity. They were designed for the federal government to be able to take a case and prosecuted in a State might not want to hear crimes have special significant harms it. If you it'll burn a cross on the lawn of an African Americans family's home, the harm doesn't just go to that family, the harm resonates throughout the entire African American community. Convicting. The perpetrator of not, just a simple assault but have a cramp give Society. The chance to sort stand in solidarity with the victim. states of always been free to Define their own hate crimes, but they've only begun to do so relatively recently, in the case of first-degree murder, North Carolina's sentencing requires an automatic life without parole and so in that sense, I hate crime doesn't mean this and I will get more time. What it will do is give validity to the reason why he did what he did. The challenge is improving a hate crime or that. You have to be able to directly attribute an event to someone's intent, passion of that. It's a difficult standard to meet. We have one spot reserved for my wife works. And I have to park somewhere else. I have no place else to park. It's the same people all the time. I've talked to them numerous times I have Semi fretting them. I walked back there and I said you got three cars in the lot. Supposed to have more than two and I don't have a parking spot. I'm not parking on the street and He said we can park wherever they can. I say the words, the fuck we want. We can park as many fucking Vehicles we want. He said that he came over and knocked the door. He told my brother that he had taken three spots and somehow that wasn't okay. And that my brother started cussing at home. He said, one of the girls berated him as well as disrespecting the fuck you you worthless piece of shit and I went off. I thought it was possible that my brother and you're, so we're angry. We're trying to get him to stop coming back or stop harassing them. I did not been for the video, that's what I thought. There are three things in my life that I will never forget, when was the death of my dad? When was the death of my mom? And the other was that video? All your mind. Does hear the screams? I'm just never heard the desperation. The surprise. But mostly the fear. Is he broke extending over my brother's body you soon resign or shot with the gun to their head job at point-blank. On the way out, he against Roe my brother. This type of shot him in the mouth. It's a basic human instinct to try and make some sort of meaning, some sort of sense out of a terrible crime. Anti-muslim bias was and continues to be a huge problem in our society, but it's also possible. He was simply a terribly angry man who allowed his anger to build and build and build. And then he might have killed them irrespective of their religion. I still see their faces when I killed them, all three of them. Six months, prior to this event. Something broken me, I knew I was over the edge and I knew that temper. Mine was ready to come out and I knew I was not going to be like in troll. It somewhere Walk Circle was very quiet, it was very organized. But with the recession, About keeping down the people are moving in or all college students and they don't really know how to follow rules. I like great that when I woke up, I went to school came home and found their cars and I have a parking spot and I decided they were going to be the ones they were going to move the cars out of light or else. And nothing to do with religion, I don't like religion. I'm not quiet about that, but I didn't kill him cuz of their religion. Don't blame this crime on of whatever race agnostic and atheist Blaine and Craig Hicks. Ida Duck Hunt. People have called me a monster. I'm beyond that of my own line. I will be on there. Is the story about fish, swimming through water and older. Fish says, how's the water, how's the water in the refrigerator? Like, what water They're not even aware of this environment of they're immersed in, because they've been in this environment. All their lies, the nation's experience, the 9/11, the wars in Iraq and Afghanistan. Those things all become part of the water at your Witcher all swimming. that's going to create biases, that many people won't even really be fully aware of Growing up. I always felt a little bit different here. You're the most awesome especially post 9/11 You're synonymous with almost enemy of America like your loyalties are conflicted. I went to medical school in Iraq so I survived the Iraq Iranian War for 3 years. We could hear the sounds from the front line. We're looking for the America. We knew from TV and the News Freedom, democracy, Liberty Justice, equality piece, you can't be in danger. If you come to the superpower country, I'm not romantic about anything anymore. Should Americans fear Islam on the planet. There's a fair amount of research showing that we, especially white people have a tendency to perceive members of other racial and ethnic groups has less human. At the implicit level. He's getting all of this other information that says they're a threat. They're terrorists there on American there. Different, that implicit bias may have been affecting how he was interpreting. His interactions all along and Hannah may be in that very final moments. House belongs to my brother. What? The house kind of representing just driving out, Darkness with light, my brother's name, translate from Arabic to English as meeting light. That's why we called it the lighthouse for me. Everything, I kind of Hopkins out of this house. Everything is positive and you connection that's made anybody who's fed every prayer that's made. Goes back to him. But a week before the murders, my mom was telling us, I sense this like increasing hostility toward Muslims, are they, what's the worst that can happen? And his home at 5 p.m. is not safe. There is no place on Earth to be safe. America was last hope. We were able to meet with the officials from the bottom of justice and FBI. Examining the tapes, the computers, the cell phones. They were coming to us with the same answer as though it says looks like he's crying when he cannot really prove. It's his crime because he did not declare why he killed them and we as fans cannot take a case to court that we would lose At the federal level, the mere fact that a person who is killed or murdered might be of A different race, that is simply not enough speed to find every crime were buys. Makes it easier to commit the crime as a hate crime. Then we're going to find a crimes very, very broadly. The dangers. If you do that, is it some people be punished differently? Not because they actually acted on account of bias, but simply because they've said, buys things in the past, the question is, what do you want the law to do? When was a home invasion and execution, three, beautiful young Americans were brutally murdered and there's no question that the strategy was bored of bigotry and hate and I asked you To not to let another American Family to go through this because our government would not act to protect all Americans. I've been worried about what arrangement would look like 4 years now. Trying to figure out what exactly it will be like, if he'll say anything. This case is very important to a lot. A lot of paper. The strength was Universal, like it could be me. It's going to reflect their environment is. It's hard to say what Justice is. Sometimes Justice is in the eye of the beholder. Justice for me would be my child, walk back to the door and they will never have that the narrative. But not the murderer, not the aggressor, not the criminal. but the narrative that the victims in the truth stand by + 15. CRS. The murder of dear Scotty bearcat. All these years later, I'm more frustrated with our failure to reach the legal standard of a hate crime. Because it seems pretty. Clear that it was as hateful of a crime as you could ever imagine. I think we failed to understand that a significant portion of our community deal with some form of islamophobia everyday. It wasn't. A lens through which we were thinking about that statement that day. And I think that was a pretty significant blind spot. We had to do it again. We would do it differently. It will be three consecutive sentences of life, imprisonment, without the possibility of parole. This is Sheriff, he's in your custody sort, this case is like so many, where we have a feeling that there's something more there that there's bias there. That's a reflection of a broader big societal problem that we have to deal with. Run. The truth is spoken. We need to understand where this kind of hatred can take us. The numbers of victims in these particular cases is like throwing the proverbial pedal and the pond in the Rings. Go out and out-and-out forever from here on they'll be much discussion about how the memory of these beautiful people. Might be served. And legislation might be one of them. We'll see what people are really made of. Why don't we A week before the murder is, we all wanted to see how tall we were. So we all stood up against the wall. Finish the door frame, adjust, mokhtar Heights. You have my brother is high. You have my, I got my dad. My mom used to go to my sister. I stand up against friend because I know my brother still. Of course, I'm a different person. I can relate to human suffering more. I can understand their pain. I'm living now day-by-day doing what needs to be done, but I'm waiting on a second. I could join the extraction again. They lift short, but they did Big. Present worth of graduates of the school design today. I wanted to experience driving by the building and imagining what's going on there. What song was brutally murdered before the start of her second year? Had she lived she would be graduating today with a bachelor of architecture degree. She had an intoxicating spark and a playful lightness that will continue to push us to move beyond the world we know to play in the world. We imagine One day, we will reunite with them. Sometimes we sit in a dreams. And I feel that when I go to visit the grave, I I feel that distance between me and them is just six feet. 6 ft. I cannot penetrate. We want our national government to learn something from it. At least that he doesn't work and cannot be hidden. It's what I manifest. And the price is very expensive. Yeah, by the way. Can I study in? I just had to tell Sarah not to climbing like a tree. If there's not a tree he's your uncle She calls me Rich free. That's it. Everyone, you know. He's my baby. I mean, he sick whatever. But he's my baby and he was In Harm's Way. And it's a hard thing to deal with. Breaking news story to tell you about apparently a plane has just crashed into the World Trade Center here in New York City and having just a few moments ago at night when we were all in school, thinking that a bully is your biggest fear and then all sudden we're watching these Towers falling, all these people died. I think we all grew up faster than most people. I was just saying, I want to be the first person overseas fighting in this war and I figured if I join the Marine Corps infantry, I'd be the first one going over. He came home and he goes, I'm going to join the Marines and I'm like, you're 15, he goes, I know. But whenever he is, so you're lucky. I'm not 18 cuz I go to day. My fellow citizens, our American and Coalition forces are in the early stages of military operations, to disarm, Iraq, to freeze people, and to defend the world from grave Danger. So, I signed up for the Marine Corps 2003. I got selected as a special tester and lie. This was like psychological test, all these different things. And every time we went back to one of these there's fewer and fewer people, we finished with about 28 people. And that's actually when they told us, you were going to go to Camp David and guard. The president United States And just the thought of me being in charge of the life of the president, United States coming from a town of 1,100 people to me, that was a crazy idea that this would even happen. But my heart was telling me to go to war, so I told them that I would love to to go to the first unit deployed overseas. Call. There's red on red excavator. Hey. Oh yeah. If you have sinned and all his big gun, It is cool. Luke Gibson was my Gunner. While I was in Iraq and we kind of had this big brother little brother thing going cuz I was in charge of him. But he was older than all the other guys is his Iraq. I hate it. And I'm going to be coming back. Google Casper is inside, searching the house can see his head, but there's the one that's way taller than everybody else within 30 miles. looks like he wants me to turn it off, but Thank you. Just doesn't want to show off his big mouth is a pretty face. So, we're going to keep. Hair. It Is. Do we came up on this farm right in the middle of the road? So ultimately we knew is fake. What I didn't know was we were at the Ambush stage. His feet are right next to me in the truck cuz we sticking out of the gun that I made him. Get in the truck, I'll send his feet scoop back up and then I knows, there's cars coming and he starts waving again and I said yes. And you want to end up with my arm, don't you? And he's like, it'd be an honor to be on your arm cover Casper. Not even 10 or 15 minutes after that he was he was shot field. so needless to say, I never put them on my arm but We didn't know where the shot came from, so we never actually got the sniper. I never really saw the enemy out there and I was just getting hit and left and right. He was really depressed for a while now. He is really bad. He was always so happy and everyone in town knew him loved him. Always holler at him smile and they sent him that just his personality just what everyone did. So when he got dark like that it was was pretty upsetting. He's changed a lot. I mean he's still funny or tries to be funny and stuff like that, but you can tell that something's missing. Nobody else around, you can relate. I was going to college with these 18/9 year old kids who had no life experience and I'm 22, but I don't have a brain injury. I've lost my best friend. I went to war. I was in a relationship at the time that ended up ultimately failing because I was a different person when I came home. I didn't want them to know that I was hit by these unseen people all the time. So now I'm afraid that someone's going to blow us up here. The VA hospital diagnosed me with PTSD left mild traumatic brain. Injury tinnitus back, First class, I signed up for a Heartland Community. College, was business. I forgot what the assignments were. I forgot how to log onto the system. To look at the assignment, and I ended up failing that class. The memories. Yeah. Was there a good day, but I remember I was here cuz I don't like other people to see my work sometimes because I had my, I had my little easel here and I was coloring in that photo of Luke is in that photo, I forgot. I still had this urge to tell my story but I still didn't know how to verbally speak it. You're like, hey, instead of doing, you know your grass green. How about you do it? A colored it doesn't make sense, but it makes sense to the way you felt. So I just went with it and I did everything red. Immediately from all over. The room is like you put red in there because you saw him die, you had read in there cuz you're so passionate about him or read because you were so angry that he died and all these made sense to me. Almost felt like I found, I found a way to talk about it without talking about it. I drove in to Art because I felt like it was healing me at that moment. I want to explain to you what losing that innocence from war feels like I want you to know what it feels like to be blown up. At first, I needed a voice when I got to have in that Voice through ART, then I needed a purpose for that voice. Chris. Hey, how's it going? Good. Good. I do these calls like the night before but I would love to hear what you have to say cuz most likely I dealt with the same thing. I'm still going through it, so yeah. I'm super sucking. I wouldn't be flying nowhere and not knowing I knew Chris was a country music fan because on his application when he filled it out, you talked about it. Sounds like what I want to do cuz I want to be able to set you up with something songwriters. I have written some of your favorite songs and I would love to fly you out to Nashville and help you experience. Telling your own story with you guys. Delta, except the Americans way down there. How do you spell Tigger say? What up brother? You made it? I never met this guy before. I just talked to him on the phone. And I just can't his arm sleeve tattoos all over his arm and the scripture pops out is John 15:13. You have got to be kidding me. John 15-13. No greater love has a man than to lay down his life for a friend. this is, Will get you. Is Brandon. Brandon Jacobs. Are you doing Brandon Kinney? Yeah. I joined the Navy, 18 days after I graduated high school. First appointment was on the Kuwait, Iraq border. So I would take patients into the ER, you found out how many patients were inbound with their status was So we got to call Paul Ridgeway standby for traffic. We had Marine come in for his survival rate is probably about 40% and so we consciously had to make a decision that they were going to let him go and Because we didn't strip them down before I came in. I had his dog tags. My hands when they said we're going to go. So I got I got out. Came back home. I knew I had problems cuz I want to kill myself. I got a, I got his name, tattooed on my wrist, so, it might, as well get a tattoo. This is something that's going to be with me for life. and when I was at Doug's grave, I remember breaking down crying and And then within like 10 seconds, just something I felt like something was just grabbing me and I just started laughing and I think that's when I talked to Paul Thug's brother, he was like, my brother wouldn't want you to be crying over his past, like if anything, he would grab a Corona and he would sit down on me. I guess, I mean that's, that's what I do. Why did he pass? He had a wife. Who was a marine? My wife left me. She would never get better. Why do why do I get to survive? Why do I? Why is that? So that's my story. Thank you for sharing that, man. I can imagine. I just need to tell us a story about Luke. I wrote the song in the perspective of him telling me not to kill myself because anytime I feeling down, I listen to that. And I'm like, you know what, you're right. Sounds like he's telling me now. I put the words not but he's telling me. Don't drop this weight off my shoulders. Over a couple Coronas. What if you'd like or ridgway's I'm inbound for us? It was always all Ridgeway standby for traffic. So if it was him saying all ridgway's, I'm inbound and like from that, that moment from that perspective of him being inbound. and then it's almost like a when we have Coronas, then you'll now Call, ridgway's I'm inbound, you know, thanks for wheels, are coming fast, like so said, the table. Did you do all this? Maybe you do a different Melody to, I think. All ridgway's I'm in, man. This fool already knows. I'm in. Love you Kiki, Jerome. You get a special treat here tonight please give a warm welcome mr. Jacob Powell. Pause the song out of you. Always looking for something that's that's real to write and then then write with a veteran. All ridgway's, I'm inbound. These Hot Wheels are hardly touching the ground. Open the gates and the tables, if you're able to and we'll fight this thing, right? You need to come with me. who is the biggest mix of emotions during the songwriters talking about the darkest time that I I don't talk about. I didn't know you. So happy that finally, this negative experience may have some positive but at the same time you're crying, but you're smiling. It's just overwhelming. Yeah, I'll keep took a rhombus. Chris. Thank you man. Richard Negative. Thank you so much. The vulnerability of telling your story is, what helps you get you over that, hump because you don't have to keep this all in. You could put it into a song or put into a piece of art. You don't feel weak, you feel like you accomplished, something, you created something and you're willing to put it out there in public so that people could react to that. Chris Kellner. He was a glass. Better to come to our summer program. George W. Bush started in painting veterans. Who were injured in war? It just kind of pulled in my heart strength because it was an actual conceptual piece of art dealing with something that he was going through with. And a highlight them being injured in a war that he was a president of So you probably don't know, but most of Camp David is staffed by United States. Marines, Richard Casper was serving there. After Stewart cab David, he volunteered to go to Iraq, he suffered for IED injuries, and came back with TBI traumatic. Brain injury, overcame the stigma of being a tough guy marine and he took up Arc, he went to the Chicago Art Institute. For those of you who are the artist is really good. And he started a program called creative efforts to help provide art therapy to the vets. And so Richard were thrilled to hear with your fiance Ashley. Thank you for coming. You might stand up so people can look at you. Richard, how are you? Big guy, Camp. David was wonderful as one of the great trees to be president, mainly, because people such as yourself made it. So comfortable for me and my family. And that, yeah, Mighty Marine Corps, I know she got on the train, are on your arm like this. No greater love has a man lay down his life, for a friend, and then this was Luke gifts and he was actually from Kingwood Texas. Yeah. And he was shot and killed beside me and Iraq. And he's the reason I kind of started, everything I did is cuz I, I needed to express what I went through at a piece of art here, which is one of my very first. Look at it. Restaurant pictures of chalk, pastels. It was still at the time. When I was on the site I wanted in my life, I didn't know was wrong. I couldn't deal with my brain injury. My peaches to anything like that. We've dropped a d o. Yeah. Pts you don't say, it's an injury that can be healed of your living through. Guy such as yourself. I got a PhD in life, you might have gone to the Art Institute and that's good but you got a PhD in life. Personal responsibility, discipline worrying about somebody else, and you're going to be one. A really important assets to the future of this country will say. And that's why it's important knowing you as a person, I feel like a sense of a survival skill in a way, but just like, like, I want these guys to live, and I have poured, my soul into the thing, cuz I admire our vets so much. You know, I really did a remarkable group of citizens, and to the extent that we can help, we need to in society. So, like you, I'm going to spend the rest of my life. Helping our vets. That's awesome. Thank you so much. I'm glad you're here. Walking through the garden, where all my pieces are is a syllabus real. With my brain injury. As soon as I forget I created pieces or I forget why I created pieces and I get a walk through there and kind of discover them. Will wear the same helmet but we all react to a different Lee when we come home. So, in my work, I have a lot of helmets. The one thing we struggled with we were next to you, but we didn't want you to know what we're going through. I wanted them to go on their own little deployment for the winter time. as soon as I have this Jungle of my pieces out there surviving just like I'm trying to survive. ```json [{"@context":"https://schema.org","@type":"NewsArticle","@id":"https://time.com/6340527/black-land-loss/","mainEntityOfPage":{"@type":"WebPage","@id":"https://time.com/6340527/black-land-loss/"},"headline":"The Quest for Racial Equality Has Always Been Different for Rural Americans","datePublished":"2023-12-17T14:00:00.000Z","dateModified":"2026-08-04T07:50:44.227Z","description":"Even as the civil rights revolution brought significant gains to Black residents of cities, the story was very different in rural places.","url":"https://time.com/6340527/black-land-loss/","keywords":["Made by History"],"thumbnailUrl":"https://static.time.com/v3/assets/bltea6093859af6183b/bltd7557fb190f619d3/698a42c801168259ab983aea/tenant-farmers.jpg?branch=production&width=1200&quality=75&auto=webp&crop=1200:675&height=675","author":[{"@type":"Person","name":"Ansley Quiros and Allie R. 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