--- title: Angel Island and America's Hidden Asian Immigration History description: Angel Island can provide a better understanding of the long U.S. tradition of welcoming some immigrant groups and excluding others canonical: https://time.com/5954114/angel-island-aapi-immigration-history/ author: Arpita Aneja article:opinion: false article:content_tier: free article:published_time: 2021-05-03T18:45:39.000Z article:modified_time: 2023-12-12T15:47:15.000Z article:section: History og:title: America's Immigration Story Isn't Complete Without Angel Island og:description: Though it's less frequently discussed in history classes than its New York counterpart, Angel Island in San Francisco harbor was often described as the "Ellis Island of the West" og:url: https://time.com/5954114/angel-island-aapi-immigration-history/ og:site_name: TIME og:image: https://static.time.com/v3/assets/bltea6093859af6183b/blt2405bfd5073c32a8/698a1906b21a9c1d08504bc9/angel-island.jpg?branch=production&width=1024&quality=75&auto=webp&crop=16:9 og:image:width: 1024 og:image:height: 576 og:image:alt: Angel Island og:type: article twitter:card: summary_large_image twitter:title: America's Immigration Story Isn't Complete Without Angel Island twitter:description: Though it's less frequently discussed in history classes than its New York counterpart, Angel Island in San Francisco harbor was often described as the "Ellis Island of the West" twitter:image: https://static.time.com/v3/assets/bltea6093859af6183b/blt2405bfd5073c32a8/698a1906b21a9c1d08504bc9/angel-island.jpg?branch=production&width=1024&quality=75&auto=webp&crop=16:9 ---  # The Overlooked History of Angel Island, Where the U.S. Enforced Rules Designed to Keep Asian Immigrants Out > Sponsored content. 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They are at time.com/newsletters and are separate from a paid subscription. ### Sources * TIME Newsletters: [time.com/newsletters](/c/time-sub-2026q3/newsletters?i=5c538895-b9ef-471c-ac7d-e0db2907a103&cr=time-sub-2026q3-v1) * TIME Subscriptions: [time.com/subscribe-agent](/c/time-sub-2026q3/subscribe?i=5c538895-b9ef-471c-ac7d-e0db2907a103&cr=time-sub-2026q3-v1) ## Video: The History You Didn't Learn: The Immigrants of Angel Island [Watch (HLS stream): The History You Didn't Learn: The Immigrants of Angel Island](https://cdn.jwplayer.com/manifests/246rXtQ4.m3u8) (11:35)  _Published 2021-05-03. When students learn immigration history in school, they often learn about Ellis Island, but they rarely learn about Angel Island, the immigration station on the west coast that was a hub for people arriving from Asia._ by [Video by Arpita Aneja](https://time.com/author/arpita-aneja/) and [Olivia B. Waxman](https://time.com/author/olivia-b-waxman/) Updated: Dec 12, 2023 3:47 PM UTCPublished: May 3, 2021 6:45 PM UTC When students learn immigration history in school, they often learn about Ellis Island, but they rarely learn about Angel Island, the immigration station on the west coast that was a hub for people arriving from Asia. by [Video by Arpita Aneja](https://time.com/author/arpita-aneja/) and [Olivia B. Waxman](https://time.com/author/olivia-b-waxman/) Updated: Dec 12, 2023 3:47 PM UTCPublished: May 3, 2021 6:45 PM UTC For the last year, Russell Jeung, an Asian American Studies Professor at San Francisco State University, has been tracking the[ rise in discrimination and harassment facing Asian Americans](https://stopaapihate.org/2020-2021-national-report/) during the COVID-19 pandemic. His work on the database [Stop AAPI Hate](https://stopaapihate.org/) has made the extent of those recent incidents better known to the general public, but they’re also part of a history that goes much further back than the last year—and for Jeung, that history is personal. “A lot of what happened in Asian American history, and the exclusionary policies targeting Asian Americans, my family had to endure,” says Jeung, whose family has been in the United States for six generations. Jeung’s grandfather was born in the U.S. but met his grandmother in Hong Kong; when he wanted to bring his wife to join him in his homeland, he needed three white witnesses to submit testimony at the American Railway Express Co. in Monterey, Calif., to confirm he was indeed born in the states. “My family faced exclusion, faced segregation, faced being quarantined, faced being detained, faced being deported, faced being separated, having their family separated by the government.” Jeung’s family has another link to that history, too: when his grandmother entered the U.S. in the 1920s, it was via Angel Island in San Francisco Bay. Few places better illustrate the depth and the details of the Asian American past, and its stories—by turns inspiring and troubling—are key for understanding the present-day challenges faced by Asian Americans, [the nation’s fastest growing racial and ethnic group](https://www.pewresearch.org/fact-tank/2021/04/09/asian-americans-are-the-fastest-growing-racial-or-ethnic-group-in-the-u-s/) in the first two decades of the 21st century, per April 2021 Pew Research Center data. Though it’s less frequently discussed in history classes than its New York counterpart, Angel Island in San Francisco Bay was often described as the[ “Ellis Island of the West”](https://time.com/3484563/immigration-china-california-marketing-business/)—and it was there that thousands of would-be immigrants of Asian and Mexican descent were turned away, and where life in the U.S. began for the few who did enter. A history of immigration that includes not only Ellis Island but also Angel Island can provide a better understanding of the complicated subject, and of the long U.S. tradition of welcoming certain—predominantly white—immigrant groups and making others feel unwelcome. The immigration station created on Angel Island in 1910, which replaced detention prisons on steamships in the San Francisco harbor, became the central enforcement area for rules that were designed to keep people of Asian descent out of the United States. That effort dated back to laws passed in 1862 and [1875](https://time.com/5952819/history-anti-asian-racism-misogyny/) and continued for decades after. The Chinese Exclusion Act of 1882 also led to efforts to keep out Japanese, Korean, Filipino and South Asian laborers, and the 1917 Immigration Act’s Asiatic Barred Zone aimed to deny entry to about [500 million Asians](https://www.saada.org/tides/article/legacies-of-the-1965-immigration-act) from India, Burma, Siam (now Thailand), Arabia, Afghanistan and most Polynesian islands. According to historian Erika Lee, co-author of _Angel Island: Immigrant Gateway to America_ and professor of History at the University of Minnesota, about 20% of immigrants arriving at Ellis Island were detained. On average, examinations there took about a day or two and then generally the applicants were permitted to enter the country. Overall, almost everyone who came through Ellis Island ([around 98% by some counts](https://www.wsj.com/articles/SB10001424052970204482304574215783241952514)) was admitted. By contrast, 60% of the immigrants who arrived at Angel Island—most of whom were Chinese—were detained, and it took weeks or months to be released; the longest detention Lee found was 756 days.[ Some of the questions](https://www.google.com/books/edition/Angel%5FIsland/pVMMFDUgxdMC?hl=en&gbpv=1&bsq=feet%20house%20village) that Angel Island officials posed to detainees were meant to stump them, like how many feet were between the home they came from and the house next door. Therefore, those allowed entry to the U.S. tended to be those who had resources and education to handle appeals. [_Get your history fix in one place: sign up for the weekly TIME History newsletter_](http://time.com/newsletter-history) Poems in Chinese calligraphy on the walls of the barracks today provide a glimpse at what it was like to be detained on Angel Island. [One reads](https://www.aiisf.org/poems-and-inscriptions), “How was I to know that the western barbarians had lost their hearts and reasons? / With a hundred kinds of oppressive laws, they mistreat us Chinese,” while [another reads](https://www.aiisf.org/poems-and-inscriptions), “Imprisoned in the wooden building day after day…My freedom withheld; After experiencing such loneliness and sorrow, / Why not just return home and learn to plow the fields?” Among the most heartbreaking stories of detainees is the story of Soto Shee. Eager to be reunited with her husband Lim Lee, whose father was an American citizen, Sheevoyaged from Hong Kong to San Francisco just before the 1924 Immigration Act, at which point the law’s enactment led to her being waylaid on Angel Island. Her 7-month-old son Soon Din died while they were in detention, and the body was taken to San Francisco for burial. A lawyer appealed for Shee’s release, but officials denied the request, arguing that they saw “no unusual hardship.” Her request for release got approved only when Shee hung herself in the women’s bathroom in the middle of the night, and her body was discovered and revived. (After her release, Shee went on to raise 10 children in California—[including a daughter she was pregnant with on Angel Island](https://www.immigrant-voices.aiisf.org/stories-by-author/838-mabel-lim-ang-in-utero-on-angel-island/)—and lived to be 96 years old.) The suffering was not contained to Angel Island. [Vaishno Das Bagai,](https://www.saada.org/project/timeline/kala-bagai) from present-day Pakistan, came through Angel Island in 1915, became a citizen in 1921 and bought a home in Berkeley, Calif. But when he and his wife [Kala](https://www.saada.org/project/timeline/kala-bagai) tried to move in, they found angry white neighbors waiting to try to stop them. California’s alien land laws forced him to liquidate his home and the store he had opened. And after a 1923 U.S. Supreme Court ruling said South Asians weren’t eligible for citizenship, he and his wife were also stripped of their citizenship. Das Bagai killed himself in 1928, leaving behind a suicide note to his wife Kala and[ the San Francisco _Examiner._ ](https://www.saada.org/item/20130513-2748)“I came to America thinking, dreaming, and hoping to make this land my home,” he wrote. “But now they come and say to me I am no longer an American citizen…Now what am I?…Is life worth living in a gilded cage? Obstacles this way, blockades that way, and the bridges burnt behind.” In its 30-year existence, from 1910 to 1940, Angel Island processed about half a million immigrants from 80 countries, people coming to and leaving from the U.S., before it closed when a fire broke out. Over the next 30 years, restrictions to Asian immigration and naturalization slowly loosened. In the 1940s and early 1950s, federal laws allowed South Asian immigrants to become U.S. citizens again, and [the Immigration Act of 1965](https://time.com/4411701/immigration-policy-history/) got rid of a 1920s-era system of discriminatory national origins quotas and replaced it with one based on a set of preferences favoring family members and workers with certain skills, which many [still see as unfair.](https://time.com/5101296/shithole-countries-immigration-history/) Though Angel Island is no longer a functioning port of entry, there have been various efforts over the last five decades to make sure that the stories of what happened to detainees are not forgotten. In 1970, the building was slated to be demolished, but [Mississippi Freedom Rider](https://time.com/3777390/freedom-riders-bruce-davidson-on-his-awakening/)\-turned-park ranger[ Alexander Weiss](https://www.sfgate.com/bayarea/article/Alexander-Weiss-ranger-who-preserved-Angel-5845740.php) discovered poems written in Chinese calligraphy in the detention barracks. In 1976, California Governor Jerry Brown signed into law a bill to fully restore the barracks and preserve the poems. The site opened to visitors in 1983, and since then has been adding to its exhibits. It became a National Historic Landmark in 1997, and a new museum in a rehabbed hospital on the island is expected to open before the end of 2021. And in February 2021, after efforts by [Barnali Ghosh](https://www.berkeleysouthasian.org/) and a group of activists who discovered the story after coming across [an oral history interview](https://www.saada.org/item/20130716-2997) in the South Asian American Digital Archive, [Kala Bagai Way](https://www.saada.org/item/20210211-6529) in Berkeley became the city’s first street to be named after an Asian-American woman. Bagai’s grand-daughter Rani Bagai sees the street sign as justice, cementing South Asians’ place in society and hopes others will be inspired by the resilience of her grandmother, who persevered after her husband’s suicide and went on to send her [three sons](https://www.saada.org/item/20130516-2801) to college. As she put it to TIME, “It’s a way symbolically of welcoming South Asians, people of Asian heritage, into the fabric of our society.” ## Transcript [00:00] I teach classes in East Americans in public policy. [00:04] And one of my first lessons, is actually my family history [00:09] of six Generations in the US and how public policy has shaped [00:13] my family's personalized. [00:15] So, my family face exclusion face segregation face, [00:20] being detained, face being deported. [00:22] If you have the political is personal on the personal is political, [00:39] When students learn about immigration history in school, [00:42] they're often introduced to Ellis Island the processing [00:45] center in New York Harbor, where millions of immigrants [00:47] arrived in the US mainly from Europe. [00:49] But the history of Angel Island is less known. [00:53] Angel Island is now a National Historic Landmark, [00:57] its sits in the middle of San Francisco's Bay, [01:01] but it was originally an immigrant Detention Center this station, [01:07] which operated between 1910 and 1940 was a hub for people [01:11] arriving from Asia. [01:13] When is Milan was first thing built, [01:16] the newspapers had all of these really flowery descriptions, [01:20] they describe Angel Island as being the future Ellis Island [01:25] of the west but with palm trees, [01:27] with a pleasant Sea Breeze and it really could not be more different [01:35] The US has a long history of limiting immigrants from Asia exclusionary [01:41] laws against babe and are seen as being prostitutes in traffic [01:49] for sex. Mhhe they pass the Chinese Exclusion Act in 1917. [01:54] There was the easy a task cards on that was created by Congress [01:58] that which basically Bard 500 million people from from Asia, [02:04] from entering the United States. [02:05] So on Ellis Island about 20% of the immigrants are detained. [02:11] When they are. [02:12] Detained is for relatively short. [02:16] Just one to two days. [02:17] When we look to Angel Island, we see that 60% of all immigrants [02:24] were detained. Chinese immigrants were the group that had the [02:29] the most detentions in relation to their population. [02:33] They counted them. [02:35] Detentions not in one to two days, [02:38] but in weeks and months, the longest attention that we have [02:42] found on record was 756 days. [02:47] Being equally between Beast to immigration station, [02:52] since is really start when we look at the numbers, [02:54] but also at the store is as well. [02:59] I live in San Francisco. [03:00] So I knew about Angel Island. [03:01] Sweet Spot all the time when we drove across the bridge. [03:05] And I probably learned about it from my family who told me that [03:09] my grandmother respond to Angel Island. [03:12] The Russell Jones grandmothers came through, Angel Island [03:15] and were detained in the 1920s, got her immigration records [03:26] where she went through, Angel Island, and they actually [03:28] had to have three Witnesses or white in order to prove that [03:33] my [03:35] Grandfather was born in the US and was an American citizen [03:38] entitled to bring a wife back, man to interview. [03:42] I saw a lengthy and difficult songs. [03:47] Family story is typical of the Discrimination that many Asian [03:50] immigrants coming through. [03:51] Angel Island faced. [03:53] In fact, the walls of Angel Island are covered with lines of Chinese [03:56] poetry written by detainee's that describe their hardships [04:01] Immigration station was known to be overcrowded known to the [04:05] unsanitary. Known to have unhealthy food, detainees were very [04:13] limited and their freedom. [04:14] They were not allowed to be outside for many hours of the day. [04:20] And even after immigrants left, Angel Island, [04:23] racism and racist laws, made building a life here, [04:26] difficult, that can be seen clearly in the story of the guy family [04:30] from India. There were many South Asians to come to the United [04:35] States during this time. [04:37] Even before the 1917, Immigration Act, and there were hardly [04:42] any women. But in 1915, the Buckeye family made up of fish. [04:49] No. The guy father. [04:51] And husband and his wife, Paula. [04:53] And there's three young boys. [04:55] Came to the United States through San Francisco. [05:01] And my grandmother did not know a word of English at that time. [05:06] She didn't know anything about American culture. [05:09] My grandfather did, he had learned English school in India, [05:14] he was wearing American clothes, he had Capital. [05:25] Unlike most volcanoes as laborers vaishno is also an Indian [05:31] nationalist. He opposed British colonialism of his homeland [05:35] that America was supposed to guarantee and that they didn't [05:42] have in India established a, a business. [05:46] In San francisco-based show also became a naturalized [05:50] citizen. He was adopted western dress and manners. [05:54] He was doing everything, right? [05:57] What you're supposed to do when you come as an immigrant, [05:59] but they could Not escape the virulent and violent anti-asian [06:05] discrimination and racism. [06:07] That was injuring in the United States. [06:10] In the early 20th century, [06:14] When they try to move into their home and in Berkeley, [06:17] they found a group of angry white neighbors, [06:23] who prevented them from moving into the home. [06:25] But they had he found out that new laws in the United States. [06:32] New court rulings, made him ineligible for citizenship, [06:37] and government officials went around the country. [06:42] Denaturalizing South Asian Americans who had already been naturalized [06:47] felt by the 1920s that as he wrote in a letter, [06:54] their obstacles behind me blockades in front of me, [06:58] he could not find a way forward and in 1928, [07:03] he took his online [07:06] My grandmother on the story. [07:10] Kind of to it and sometimes you just didn't even want to go there [07:14] and say, all right, that's enough for now, [07:16] I don't want to talk about the rest and, [07:21] you know, my heart would kind of tug for her. [07:23] She would take off her glasses, kind of wiped her her glasses [07:27] and look away [07:32] And I know that that tragedy of those early days when my grandfather [07:37] took his life, just always remained with her. [07:42] As you can imagine, it was incredibly difficult for this young [07:45] family to to persevere. [07:48] But she did, she did, she became a community leader after the [07:54] laws change G and her three sons became naturalized citizens. [07:59] She saw them off for college and into careers, [08:04] guy story of perseverance, became such a source of inspiration [08:07] that in February 2021 a street in Berkeley was named after [08:11] her. The Salvation American activist who fought for the name [08:15] change that they felt compelled to do so after hearing how the [08:18] family was driven out of Berkeley by their neighbors in, [08:23] maybe 2012 or 2013, and it's really stuck with me. [08:27] So when the opportunity came up, I really wanted this to be a way [08:33] to talk about those from our community, [08:36] who have not been allowed to live in the city of Berkeley. [08:42] You know this history of the first Indian immigrants to California [08:48] is just not now and the emphasis I think I'm like Ellis Island, [08:53] you know, European immigration as the Great American story [08:58] of how America came together as this Melting Pot or Salad Bowl [09:02] what you think is what's important. [09:06] And so when we continue to highlight, [09:13] you know, just the Ellis Island Story, [09:15] it helps to obscure the ways in which white supremacy works [09:22] and works in our immigration system. [09:24] One of the reasons why the Ellis Island immigrants were able [09:29] to become so successful was because existing laws in a privilege [09:36] their entry into the country. [09:38] Allow them to become naturalized citizens. [09:41] Which meant That they had the power of the boat. [09:44] It's, it's really a story about white supremacy being extended [09:50] White Privilege, being extended to certain immigrant, [09:54] even though they certainly face hardships and struggles [09:57] as well. But when we compare it to the Angel Island Story, [10:01] it causes us to question, how equal our nation of immigrants [10:06] has really been my family's been here for six generation, [10:11] but we're still not seen as belonging for still being excluded [10:15] and attacked for being Outsiders and threats. [10:17] SSA word at Angel Island, I hate tracker, [10:24] Which documents the sharp rise in racist incidents against [10:27] Asians in America today, the government legitimate exclusion. [10:33] And also, when government uses rhetoric like the term, [10:37] Chinese virus, [10:38] That gives people a signal, it gives them license to hate Asians [10:48] has led to increased national awareness of the issue and in April [10:52] 2021 the Senate passed a bill to help combat anti-asian [10:55] hate crimes. [10:58] This has been going on for a long time, [11:01] in some ways we have evolved but deep inside in our Humanity, [11:07] how do we feel about others who look different who come from [11:11] different countries or cultures that we know little about? [11:14] And I feel that education helps bridge that defied. [11:21] That once you get past ignorance, you can feel that you share [11:27] a certain Humanity ```json [{"@context":"https://schema.org","@type":"NewsArticle","@id":"https://time.com/5954114/angel-island-aapi-immigration-history/","mainEntityOfPage":{"@type":"WebPage","@id":"https://time.com/5954114/angel-island-aapi-immigration-history/"},"headline":"The Overlooked History of Angel Island, Where the U.S. Enforced Rules Designed to Keep Asian Immigrants Out","datePublished":"2021-05-03T18:45:39.000Z","dateModified":"2023-12-12T15:47:15.000Z","description":"Angel Island can provide a better understanding of the long U.S. tradition of welcoming some immigrant groups and excluding others","url":"https://time.com/5954114/angel-island-aapi-immigration-history/","keywords":[],"thumbnailUrl":"https://static.time.com/v3/assets/bltea6093859af6183b/blt2405bfd5073c32a8/698a1906b21a9c1d08504bc9/angel-island.jpg?branch=production&width=1200&quality=75&auto=webp&crop=1200:675&height=675","author":[{"@type":"Person","name":"Video by Arpita Aneja"},{"@type":"Person","name":"Olivia B. 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