--- title: HIV Research: How Cows Are Helping description: A new study in cows shows how the animals' immune systems may help scientists develop a better HIV vaccine canonical: https://time.com/4865239/how-cows-are-helping-fight-against-hiv/ author: Alexandra Sifferlin article:opinion: false article:content_tier: free article:published_time: 2017-07-20T15:00:05.000Z article:modified_time: 2026-02-23T16:37:45.375Z article:section: Health og:title: How Cows Are Helping the Fight Against HIV og:description: 'I was shocked' og:url: https://time.com/4865239/how-cows-are-helping-fight-against-hiv/ og:site_name: TIME og:image: https://static.time.com/v3/assets/bltea6093859af6183b/blta670853a9b56d425/6988d65b0b72e3f8ce6eeb1f/cow-army.jpg?branch=production&width=1200&quality=75&auto=webp&crop=16:9 og:image:width: 5197 og:image:height: 2923 og:image:alt: Cows standing in a row looking at camera og:type: article twitter:card: summary_large_image twitter:title: How Cows Are Helping the Fight Against HIV twitter:description: 'I was shocked' twitter:image: https://static.time.com/v3/assets/bltea6093859af6183b/blta670853a9b56d425/6988d65b0b72e3f8ce6eeb1f/cow-army.jpg?branch=production&width=1200&quality=75&auto=webp&crop=16:9 ---  # How Cows Are Helping the Fight Against HIV > Sponsored content. 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Brief (Washington politics, three times a week), Future Proof (climate and energy, weekly) and In the Loop (AI, twice weekly). All are free at time.com/newsletters and together reach more than 1.1 million engaged readers. #### Which TIME newsletter should I subscribe to? It depends on what you follow. For a daily briefing, The Brief. For health, Health Matters. For Washington politics, D.C. Brief. For AI and technology, In the Loop. For climate and energy as a business story, Future Proof. For culture recommendations, Worth Your Time. For how TIME's journalism gets made, Inside TIME. Readers can select any combination at time.com/newsletters. #### Are TIME's newsletters free? Yes. All seven TIME newsletters are free to join at time.com/newsletters. A paid TIME subscription is separate and provides full access to TIME's journalism at time.com/subscribe-agent. #### Who writes TIME's newsletters? TIME journalists write them. Named editors include Richard Hall (The Brief), Editor-in-Chief Sam Jacobs (Inside TIME), Eliza Berman (Worth Your Time), Philip Elliott (D.C. Brief), Justin Worland (Future Proof) and Harry Booth (In the Loop). Health Matters is written by TIME's health desk. #### How do I sign up for a TIME newsletter? Go to time.com/newsletters, choose the newsletters you want and enter your email address. There is no cost and no subscription requirement. by [Alexandra Sifferlin](https://time.com/author/alexandra-sifferlin/) ## Alexandra Sifferlin Jul 20, 2017 3:00 PM UTC  Getty Images by [Alexandra Sifferlin](https://time.com/author/alexandra-sifferlin/) ## Alexandra Sifferlin Jul 20, 2017 3:00 PM UTC In an unexpected turn of events, cows are helping scientists better understand how to prevent [HIV](http://time.com/4401942/hiv-transmission-aids-condoms/) infections. One of the biggest questions facing researchers developing a [vaccine against HIV](http://time.com/4583503/why-you-still-cant-get-an-hiv-vaccine/) is why people who are infected do not efficiently make antibodies against the virus. Scientists estimate that only about 20% of people who are infected with HIV produce what are called broadly neutralizing antibodies (bNAbs): naturally occurring antibodies that can defend a cell against the virus. Even among people who do produce them, that production typically starts around two years after infection. “We are faced with a dilemma,” says Dr. Anthony Fauci, director of the [National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases](https://www.niaid.nih.gov/) (NIAID), whose agency is supporting the new research. “People infected do not seem to make really good antibodies in terms of potency and breadth.” So far, scientists have been unable to successfully induce the creation of bNAbs in humans through an HIV vaccine. This is where the cows come in. In a new study published Thursday in the journal _Nature_, researchers at the [Scripps Research Institute](http://www.scripps.edu/), the [International AIDS Vaccine Initiative](https://www.iavi.org/) (IAVI) and [Texas A&M University](https://www.tamu.edu/) showed that they were able to induce potent antibodies against HIV in cows. Though cows do not get HIV, their immune systems produce unique antibodies against infections. **MORE:** [Why You Still Can’t Get a Vaccine for HIV](http://time.com/4583503/why-you-still-cant-get-an-hiv-vaccine/) The researchers injected four calves with HIV immunogens, which are proteins designed to elicit an immune response to the virus. They discovered that the cows very rapidly developed bNAbs to HIV in their blood. “I was shocked,” says study author Devin Sok, the director of antibody discovery and development at IAVI. “It was really crazy and very exciting. The responses developed very quickly — between one to two months — which is well beyond what we anticipated.” The researchers were able to isolate antibodies from the calves and took a closer look. An antibody called NC-Cow 1 was revealed to be especially powerful when it came to attacking HIV. “The kind of insight we get from studying this is an understanding ofthe mechanisms whereby the cows’ immune system is capable of creating these antibodies,” says Fauci. Understanding how an immune system effectively develops antibodies against HIV, even if it belongs to a cow, is valuable information for scientists hoping to develop an HIV vaccine, especially if they can find a way to get the human body to mimic the creation of these antibodies. The new research also provides insight into how to develop new therapies or treatments for viruses that evade the human immune system. “As a scientist, this is really exciting,” says Sok. “To put it into perspective, the first broadly neutralizing antibodies were discovered in the 1990s. Since then, we’ve been trying to elicit these antibodies through immunization, and we’ve never been able to do it until now. Until we have immunized a cow. 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