As Stock Plummets, Apple Can No Longer Deny the Truth About its iPhone Business

(Bloomberg Opinion) — The optimistic narrative about Apple’s iPhone business is falling apart in front of our eyes.

The company on Wednesday stunningly slashed its own revenue forecast for its first fiscal quarter that ended in December. Apple led by blaming a slowing economy in China and the trade skirmish with the U.S. for worse-than-expected consumer transactions in the region that includes China, Taiwan and Hong Kong. Apple said its first quarter revenue is now expected to fall about 5 percent from a year earlier. China may be the new “weather” — a go-to excuse for companies whose sales aren’t up to snuff.

But that wasn’t all. In an extraordinary letter to Apple investors, CEO Tim Cook also told stockholders what he should have been saying for years: The company’s iPhone business has shifted into a lower gear because of changes in the smartphone market and consumer behavior. This should have been absolutely predictable to anyone who was able to peer outside of Apple’s bubble. Executives have failed in their duty to warn investors ahead of time about all this, and reality is finally and all at once catching up to Apple.

In his letter, Cook said in some established markets outside of China, iPhone “upgrades also were not as strong as we thought they would be.” (Upgrades are people with older-model iPhones opting to buy new models.) The company attributed that to economic weakness in some countries but also other factors, including people holding onto smartphones longer as mobile phone companies halt subsidies, the climbing prices of Apple’s devices, and users taking advantage of lower-cost battery swaps rather than purchasing the latest and greatest iPhones.

In addition, Cook wrote on Wednesday that economic conditions slowed in China in the second half of 2018 and that shopping traffic was hurt by uncertainty about the U.S.-China trade war. Here, too, Apple missed opportunities to caution investors.

Cook said two months ago that Apple’s China business was “very strong,” even amid signs of an economic slowdown and months of headlines about trade tensions with the U.S. He consistently told investors that he thought the U.S. and China would resolve their trade dispute amicably and didn’t give any indications that consumers were on edge or reluctant to shop because of the geopolitical fracas. It’s possible that the last couple of months of economic circumstances in China, Taiwan and Hong Kong caught Apple by surprise, but executives failed to give any hints of red flags in the region.

It’s possible conditions in China changed quickly, but the broader trends in smartphone activity are not new. Why didn’t Cook make any of these admissions before now?

Phone companies in the U.S. and some other big smartphone markets have for years sought to stop offering people iPhones at an artificially low price of $200 as they did in the iPhone’s earlier days. That factor — plus less drastic changes to each year’s model of iPhone or other smartphones and the rising prices of some new devices — has led people in the U.S. to keep their smartphones for more than three years on average, up from about two years in 2014, according to mobile industry consultant Chetan Sharma. Apple sells by far the majority of new iPhones to people who already owned one of the devices, which means sales are dinged if someone wraps electric tape around her three-year-old iPhone and soldiers on.

This is a trend years in the making. But at each and every opportunity, Cook has dismissed questions about whether changes in upgrade behavior will hurt Apple’s revenue.

In an August conference call with stock analysts, one of them asked Cook whether the company could continue to sell more iPhones in a few years in light of the smartphone market’s stagnation. Cook said he thought Apple could sell more phones to people who already owned iPhones, to those who had competing devices and to people who had never owned a smartphone. It was an answer straight out of 2015, when everything Cook said was true. It’s not true anymore, and Cook should have known that.

The research firm IDC estimates global sales of smartphones declined slightly in 2018, as they did in 2017. Apple seemed to defy that smartphone gravity for a long time, but it didn’t. In Apple’s fiscal year ending in September, Apple barely sold more iPhones than it did the previous year. Revenue increased because Apple charged a super-premium price for the iPhone X and other new models — and Apple loyalists paid those higher prices. But there is a limit to how many people are willing to pay $1,000 out of pocket for a new phone, and it seems as if Apple reached that limit all at once.

This isn’t to say that Apple’s business is falling apart. It is still generating levels of revenue and cash flow that are the envy of the corporate world. But Apple failed in the No. 1 mission of being a public company: being honest with investors about its business. The company simply denied the reality that was staring it in the face, until denial was no longer an option.