Ella Fitzgerald at 100: Jazz Music That Defined a Century

April 25, 2017 9:00 AM EDT

It was 100 years ago, on April 25, 1917, that legendary jazz singer Ella Fitzgerald was born. To mark the centennial anniversary of her birth, the National Museum of American History is telling her story with the artifacts of her life, a few of which can be seen above. From record covers to sheet music to advertisements, they trace her path to fame.

When she died in 1996, TIME’s Jay Cocks noted that she had “spread the treasure of her voice over thousands of songs and half a dozen generations.” That treasure, he explained, had defined the course of her young life:

Born in Newport News, Virginia, Ella Fitzgerald never knew her biological father. According to a biographer, she was raised in Yonkers, New York, and fled her abusive stepfather after her mother died, making money by singing and dancing on the sidewalks of Harlem and warning prostitutes of the arrival of the police. At 16, dressed in cast-off clothes and wearing men’s boots, she won an amateur-night contest at the Apollo Theater. When she was brought to Chick Webb’s attention, he complained, “I don’t want that old ugly thing!” But he took her. As admirers would later marvel, “Poor Ella, she can’t play piano. All she can do is sing everything right on the first take.”

And, in the years that followed, it also defined the sound of American life. Especially in the 1950s, after she began doing a series of “songbook” albums focusing on the works of individual composers and lyricists, she more than earned the title “First Lady of Song.”

The Smithsonian exhibition The First Lady of Song: Ella Fitzgerald at 100 will be on view at the National Museum of American History through April 2, 2018.

LP cover First Lady of Song, c. 1955: Contains a selection of Fitzgerald’s recordings for Decca Records from 1947-55.Courtesy of Smithsonian National Museum of American History

Ella Fitzgerald sheet music. — Sheet Music A-Tisket, A-Tasket, c. 1938: Co-written by Fitzgerald, this was her first hit record. This sheet-music edition was intended for amateur and professional musicians. Courtesy of Smithsonian National Museum of American History

Ella Fitzgerald Memorex ad, circa 1975-1976. — Magazine Advertisements circa 1975-76. In demand as a celebrity, Fitzgerald promoted Memorex recording tapeCourtesy of Smithsonian National Museum of American History

: Ella Fitzgerald Sings the Cole Porter Songbook - LP…0584-0000025.tif LP cover Ella Fitzgerald Sings the Cole Porter Songbook, c. 1956: This became the first in Fitzgerald’s series of nine Songbook recordings. — LP Cover Ella Fitzgerald Sings the Cole Porter Songbook, c. 1956: This became the first in Fitzgerald’s series of nine Songbook recordings. Courtesy of Smithsonian National Museum of American History

Ella Fitzgerald American Express ad, circa 1988. — Magazine Advertisements circa 1988. In demand as a celebrity, Fitzgerald promoted the American Express card.Courtesy of Smithsonian National Museum of American History

LP cover Ella and Louis, c. 1956: Ella and Louis was the first of several collaborative albums recorded by Fitzgerald and Louis Armstrong.Courtesy of Smithsonian National Museum of American History

Celebrating Ella Fitzgerald’s Life Through the Objects That Defined Her Career

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