--- title: Iowa Caucuses: How Instant Runoff Could Improve Elections description: What happens to the candidate in third place? canonical: https://time.com/4202995/iowa-caucus-rules-elections/ author: Charlotte Alter article:opinion: false article:content_tier: free article:published_time: 2016-02-01T23:38:50.000Z article:modified_time: 2026-05-11T05:00:30.074Z article:section: Politics og:title: This One Trick From the Iowa Caucuses Could Improve Voting og:description: What happens to the candidate in third place. og:url: https://time.com/4202995/iowa-caucus-rules-elections/ og:site_name: TIME og:image: https://static.time.com/v3/assets/bltea6093859af6183b/blt29003c13493202e5/69887bb40a4a22caa39c82df/gettyimages-507918008.jpg?branch=production&width=3840&quality=75&auto=webp&crop=16:9 og:image:width: 1200 og:image:height: 675 og:image:alt: Iowa: The First Battleground For The 2016 Presidential Nomination og:type: article twitter:card: summary_large_image twitter:title: This One Trick From the Iowa Caucuses Could Improve Voting twitter:description: What happens to the candidate in third place. twitter:image: https://static.time.com/v3/assets/bltea6093859af6183b/blt29003c13493202e5/69887bb40a4a22caa39c82df/gettyimages-507918008.jpg?branch=production&width=3840&quality=75&auto=webp&crop=16:9 ---  # This One Trick From the Iowa Caucuses Could Improve Elections  by [Charlotte Alter](https://time.com/author/charlotte-alter/)  ## Charlotte Alter Senior Correspondent Feb 1, 2016 11:38 PM UTC  Campaign door tags of Democratic presidential candidate Sen. Bernie Sanders (I-VT) are seen at his campaign headquarters February 1, 2016 in Des Moines, Iowa. (Alex Wong--Getty Images) Campaign door tags of Democratic presidential candidate Sen. Bernie Sanders (I-VT) are seen at his campaign headquarters February 1, 2016 in Des Moines, Iowa. (Alex Wong--Getty Images)Alex Wong—Getty Images  by [Charlotte Alter](https://time.com/author/charlotte-alter/)  ## Charlotte Alter Senior Correspondent Feb 1, 2016 11:38 PM UTC At a CNN town hall in January, former Maryland governor Martin O’Malley was asked a pretty tough question. Given that he is lagging in distant third place in Iowa behind former Secretary of State Hillary Clinton and Vermont Senator Bernie Sanders, what should his supporters do? In a normal election, that would be quite a conundrum. The [RealClearPolitics average](http://www.realclearpolitics.com/epolls/2016/president/ia/iowa%5Fdemocratic%5Fpresidential%5Fcaucus-3195.html) of polls shows O’Malley with 4.3% support — roughly equal to the spread between Clinton and Sanders. If O’Malley voters went with their hearts, they’d be throwing away their vote. If they dropped him, they could tip the balance for the winner. Iowa Democrats don’t necessarily have to choose, however. Under the state’s complicated system of caucusing, they can show up at their polling place and cast their lot with O’Malley. If he fails to get 15% of the support in that precinct, they’ll get a chance to switch their support to one of the top vote getters. In fact, the Clinton campaign is [counting on that to happen](http://time.com/4201806/hillary-clinton-martin-omalley-bernie-sanders-iowa/) in many precincts, reaching out to O’Malley supporters to be their second choice. Some political reformers think a similar system could help solve a perennial problem in U.S. politics: the third-party spoiler. Instead of caucusing in person, though, voters would simply be asked to mark their second-choice preferences on their normal ballots. If no candidate reached 50%, the results would be retabulated, adding in the second-choice picks of people who voted for a losing candidate. The system is called “instant-runoff voting” because it works the same way as a runoff in which voters are asked to choose between the top two contenders. It’s used in municipal elections in more than [10 American cities,](http://www.fairvote.org/rcv%5Fin%5Fus%5Felections) and widely used in [university](http://www.fairvote.org/rcv%5Fin%5Fcampus%5Felections) and other institutional elections, including [Oscar voting for Best Picture.](http://www.latimes.com/entertainment/envelope/goldstandard/la-et-oscar-voting-column-20150218-column.html) And some advocates are calling for the instant-runoff vote to become the standard across the country, arguing that it’s more fair to voters and candidates alike. While it’s unlikely to happen nationwide anytime soon, instant-runoff voting makes sense for the ways in which the American political system is quickly changing. ### See Pictures From a Week of Campaigning in Iowa  Ted Cruz greets supporters at his rally in Des Moines, Iowa on Jan. 31, 2016. Natalie Keyssar for TIME  Rubio walks off his bus towards the pub. Marco Rubio spoke to supporters at a campaign rally at the Wellman's Pub and Rooftop in Des Moines Iowa on Wednesday evening, January 27th 2016\. (Natalie Keyssar for TIME) Natalie Keyssar for TIME  Hillary Clinton campaigns with Bill Clinton in Davenport, Iowa, on Jan. 29, 2016. Natalie Keyssar for TIME  Bernie Sanders addressed students at Roosevelt High School in Des Moines Iowa on Thursday morning, January 28th 2016\. (Natalie Keyssar for TIME) Natalie Keyssar for TIME  Bernie Sanders speaks during a campaign rally and concert in Iowa City, Iowa on Jan. 30, 2016. Natalie Keyssar for TIME  Donald Trump held a benefit rally/campaign rally for the Wounded Warriors, a charity organization for Veterans, at Drake University in Des Moines Iowa on Thursday morning, January 28th 2016\. The event was timed to coincide with the Republican debates on Fox which he declined to attend. His event was attended by supporters, veterans and donors, as well as fellow candidates Rick Santorum and Mike Huckabee. (Natalie Keyssar for TIME) Natalie Keyssar for TIME  New Jersey Gov. Chris Christie speaks to supporters at a campaign town hall in Pella, Iowa, on Jan. 29. Natalie Keyssar for TIME  Ben Carson speaks to supporters in Iowa City, Iowa, on Jan. 29. Natalie Keyssar for TIME  Former Arkansas Gov. Mike Huckabee and his wife, Janet, campaign at the Crossroads shooting range in Johnston, Iowa on Jan. 30, 2016. Natalie Keyssar for TIME  Martin O'Malley walks during a canvas launch at a supporter's home in Johnston, Iowa on Jan. 31. Natalie Keyssar for TIME  Hillary Clinton speaks during a campaign rally in Davenport, Iowa, on Jan. 29, 2016. Natalie Keyssar for TIME  Republican presidential candidate Marco Rubio appeared at a caucus event with his family on Feb. 1, 2016, at the 7 Flags Event Center in Clive, Iowa. Natalie Keyssar for TIME  Donald Trump greets supporters at a rally in Des Moines, Iowa, on Jan. 26, 2016. Natalie Keyssar for TIME **Read More:** [_The Surprisingly Low Impact of Libertarian Candidates_](http://time.com/libertarian-spoiler-candidates/) That’s because voters don’t have to choose between voting with their heads and voting with their hearts. “You can vote freely for whom you really like and still make sure you have a vote that’s effective if you end up voting for a second choice,” says Rob Richie, executive director of [FairVote, formerly known as the Center for Voting and Democracy](http://www.fairvote.org), a nonprofit organization devoted to fairness in elections. And it ensures that voters who support fringe candidates still have their voices heard among the mainstream options. Richie says the instant-runoff voting system is also better for candidates, since it removes the stigma of third-party campaigns and adds nuance to the race. Under this voting system, third-party candidates aren’t stealing votes from other campaigns, and mainstream candidates can win by getting secondary support from the broadest possible base. That helps push candidates to appeal to a broader spectrum of the population, racing to not only be voters’ first choice, but also their second or third. “It helps resolve that conflict, for both sides,” Richie says. “The third-party candidate gets a free shot, and the major-party candidate gets their fair share.”  Iowa Caucus results 2016 If the rise of Sanders and Donald Trump has said anything about 2016 America, it’s that voters want to get outside the traditional avenues of power. That tendency, Richie says, means that the instant-runoff system might be a better fit for an increasingly fragmented political process. “I think we’re going to see more, not fewer, multi-candidate races,” he says. “It’s the nature of the Internet, the nature of modern society, and people are not fitting into boxes as neatly as before.” He noted that Trump and Sanders are both examples of candidates who might not fit so easily into the two-party system, and that many of their supporters are previously unaffiliated voters. The instant-runoff process is better suited for that. In fact, an instant-runoff system might have helped some Republicans this year in Iowa. (The GOP caucuses don’t use the same system as Democrats.) Many Republicans have concerns about front runner Trump, but the Establishment side of the party is split among former Florida governor Jeb Bush, Ohio Governor John Kasich, Florida Senator Marco Rubio and New Jersey Governor Chris Christie. ```json [{"@context":"https://schema.org","@type":"NewsArticle","@id":"https://time.com/4202995/iowa-caucus-rules-elections/","mainEntityOfPage":{"@type":"WebPage","@id":"https://time.com/4202995/iowa-caucus-rules-elections/"},"headline":"This One Trick From the Iowa Caucuses Could Improve Elections","datePublished":"2016-02-01T23:38:50.000Z","dateModified":"2026-05-11T05:00:30.074Z","description":"What happens to the candidate in third place?","url":"https://time.com/4202995/iowa-caucus-rules-elections/","keywords":["Voting","Hillary Clinton","2016 Election topic","Election","Bernie Sanders","ted cruz","Donald Trump","Martin O'malley"],"thumbnailUrl":"https://static.time.com/v3/assets/bltea6093859af6183b/blt29003c13493202e5/69887bb40a4a22caa39c82df/gettyimages-507918008.jpg?branch=production&width=1200&quality=75&auto=webp&crop=1200:675&height=675","author":[{"@type":"Person","name":"Charlotte Alter","jobTitle":"Senior Correspondent","url":"https://time.com/author/charlotte-alter/"}],"articleSection":"Politics","image":[{"@type":"ImageObject","url":"https://static.time.com/v3/assets/bltea6093859af6183b/blt29003c13493202e5/69887bb40a4a22caa39c82df/gettyimages-507918008.jpg?branch=production&width=1200&quality=75&auto=webp&crop=1200:675&height=675","width":1200,"height":675,"headline":"Iowa: The First Battleground For The 2016 Presidential Nomination","caption":"Iowa: The First Battleground For The 2016 Presidential Nomination","creditText":"Alex Wong—Getty Images","representativeOfPage":true}],"publisher":{"@type":"Organization","name":"Time","url":"https://time.com/","logo":{"@type":"ImageObject","url":"https://time.com/images/logo.png","width":528,"height":156},"foundingDate":"March 3, 1923","sameAs":["https://www.facebook.com/time","https://www.instagram.com/time/?hl=en","https://twitter.com/time","https://www.pinterest.com/timemagazine"]}},{"@context":"https://schema.org","@type":"BreadcrumbList","itemListElement":[{"@type":"ListItem","position":1,"item":{"@id":"/section/politics/","name":"Politics"}},{"@type":"ListItem","position":2,"item":{"@id":"/tag/voting/","name":"Voting"}},{"@type":"ListItem","position":3,"item":{"@id":"https://time.com/4202995/iowa-caucus-rules-elections/","name":"This One Trick From the Iowa Caucuses Could Improve Elections"}}]}] ```