Change in the Gobi: Mongolia’s Economic Boom

3 minute read
An aerial view of Ulan Bator.Davide Monteleone—VII for TIME
By Hannah Beech

Photographer Davide Monteleone and I may have had one of the only drivers in the Gobi—that forbidding expanse of gravel and sand in southern Mongolia—who had no sense of direction. Granted, the instructions we received were pretty vague: at the second (or was it the third?) livestock path, we should take a left. What counted as an animal thoroughfare, we wondered? Was it that little indentation in the gravel? Or the line of hoof prints heading east?

After much bumping along, we finally reached our destination, a traditional Mongolian circular tent called a ger, surrounded by a crowd of camels, goats and other livestock. I wanted to talk to the herders, who were unhappy with the compensation they had received from Oyu Tolgoi, the copper and gold mine that is Mongolia’s biggest foreign investment project to date and which may add one-third of future value to the country’s GDP. Davide was photographing the forbidding panorama and the hardy nomads who live there. And then, just as he was trying to compose a picture that would convey the aridness of the landscape, it began to rain. Fat drops fell, landing on the camels’ eyelashes. Here we were in one of the driest places on earth, in the middle of a freak rainstorm.

Mongolia is a land of improbable contrasts. It is the most sparsely populated country on the planet, with fewer than 3 million people. Yet it is also, by some estimates, the world’s fastest growing economy, powered by at least $1.3 trillion in untapped minerals. The natural-resource boom is remaking the capital, Ulan Bator, which now boasts shiny new skyscrapers and luxury malls that contrast with the city’s decrepit Soviet architecture. Yet one-third of the country remains impoverished. Democracy, which the country’s citizens embraced after a peaceful revolution in 1990 that displaced the long-ruling socialists, gives people a voice through regular elections. But corruption has eroded the life-changing potential of the rush of foreign investment—valued at $5 billion last year in a country with a $10 billion GDP. Mongolia, today, is increasingly a land of haves and have-nots, a land of both wind-chapped nomads and mining executives who power Hummers, not horses. For anyone in Mongolia, our off-course driver included, it’s hard not to feel disoriented.

Hannah Beech is TIME’s China bureau chief and East Asia correspondent.

Davide Monteleone is a Moscow-based photographer represented by VII. See more of his work here.

All photographs were taken in June, 2012. Mongolia is the most sparsely populated country on the planet, yet it is also, by some estimates, the world’s fastest growing economy.Davide Monteleone—VII for TIME
A Chinese worker in the compressor area at the Oyu Tolgoi copper mine. The mining project is the largest financial undertaking in Mongolia's history and is expected upon completion to account for more than 30% of the country's gross domestic product. Davide Monteleone—VII for TIME
View of the open pit area at Oyu Tolgoi.Davide Monteleone—VII for TIME
A Chinese worker in the compressor area of Oyu Tolgoi. Davide Monteleone—VII for TIME
Aerial view of the mine in the Gobi desert. Davide Monteleone—VII for TIME
View of the open pit area. Davide Monteleone—VII for TIME
Children play in the area in the Gobi desert where 88 nomad families have been affected by the construction of the mine. Davide Monteleone—VII for TIME
Aerial view of eastern Mongolia.Davide Monteleone—VII for TIME
A soldier stands in front of the presidential headquarters in Ulan Bator. Davide Monteleone—VII for TIME
President Tsakhiagiin Elbegdorj at his Ulan Bator residence with 20 orphans that he and his wife adopted.Davide Monteleone—VII for TIME
President Tsakhiagiin Elbegdorj and his 20 adopted children in his Ulan Bator residence.Davide Monteleone—VII for TIME
President Tsakhiagiin Elbegdorj with his 93-year-old mother.Davide Monteleone—VII for TIME
Voters in the village of Erden, Terelj National Park.Davide Monteleone—VII for TIME
Parliamentary election voting day. Mongolia's citizens embraced democracy after a peaceful revolution in 1990 that displaced the long-ruling socialists.Davide Monteleone—VII for TIME
At a polling site on voting day.Davide Monteleone—VII for TIME
President Tsakhiagiin Elbegdorj votes in the parliamentary election in Ulan Bator.Davide Monteleone—VII for TIME
Luxury stores have appeared in Ulan Bator, yet one-third of the country remains impoverished. Davide Monteleone—VII for TIME
A cemetery in eastern Ulan Bator. Davide Monteleone—VII for TIME
An audience watches Prime Minister Sükhbaataryn Batbold speak in Ulan Bator.Davide Monteleone—VII for TIME
An aerial view of Ulan Bator.Davide Monteleone—VII for TIME
View from the Zaisan Memorial in Ulan Bator which honors Soviet soldiers killed in World War II. The memorial depicts scenes of friendship between the USSR and Mongolia. Davide Monteleone—VII for TIME

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