--- description: Surprise: The US is on the list. So is Russia. But Iran? Nope title: Nuclear Non-Proliferation Treaty: Which Countries Have Broken It? image: https://static.time.com/v3/assets/bltea6093859af6183b/blt10fdc728263f5676/698785c906f2c10a43334a81/bomb.jpeg?branch=production&width=2400&quality=75&auto=webp&crop=16:9 ---  * [History](/section/history/) ## History Update your preferences in [Account Settings](/account/preferences/) Close # Who Are the Nuclear Scofflaws? by [History News Network](/author/history-news-network/) ## History News Network Update your preferences in [Account Settings](/account/preferences/) Close Mar 30, 2015 7:00 PM CUT  Photos recorded by U.S. Army automatic motion picture camera six miles distant when an atomic bomb was exploded at Alamo-Gordo in 1945 Photos recorded by U.S. Army automatic motion picture camera six miles distant when an atomic bomb was exploded at Alamo-Gordo in 1945US Army / The LIFE Picture Collection / Getty by [History News Network](/author/history-news-network/) ## History News Network Update your preferences in [Account Settings](/account/preferences/) Close Mar 30, 2015 7:00 PM CUT  History News Network _This post is in partnership with the_ [_History News Network_](http://historynewsnetwork.org/ "undefined")_, the website that puts the news into historical perspective. The article below was originally published at_ [_HNN._](http://historynewsnetwork.org/article/158896 "undefined") Given all the frothing by hawkish U.S. Senators about Iran’s possible development of nuclear weapons, one might think that Iran was violating the nuclear Non-Proliferation Treaty (NPT). But it’s not. The [NPT](http://www.un.org/disarmament/WMD/Nuclear/NPT.shtml "undefined"), signed by 190 nations and in effect since 1970, is a treaty in which the non-nuclear nations agreed to forgo developing nuclear weapons and the nuclear nations agreed to divest themselves of their nuclear weapons. It also granted nations the right to develop peaceful nuclear power. The [current negotiations](http://www.state.gov/secretary/remarks/2015/03/239655.htm "undefined") in which Iran is engaged with other nations are merely designed to guarantee that Iran, which signed the NPT, does not cross the line from developing nuclear power to developing nuclear weapons. Nine nations, however, _have_ flouted the NPT by either developing nuclear weapons since the treaty went into effect or failing to honor the commitment to disarm. These [nine scofflaws and their nuclear arsenals](http://fas.org/issues/nuclear-weapons/status-world-nuclear-forces/ "undefined") are Russia (7,500 nuclear warheads), the United States (7,100 nuclear warheads), France (300 nuclear warheads), China (250 nuclear warheads), Britain (215 nuclear warheads), Pakistan (100-120 nuclear warheads), India (90-110 nuclear warheads), Israel (80 nuclear warheads), and North Korea (10 nuclear warheads). Nor are the nuclear powers likely to be in compliance with the NPT any time soon. The [Indian and Pakistani governments](http://www.dw.de/pakistan-could-have-200-nuclear-weapons-by-2020/a-18105706 "undefined") are engaged in a rapid nuclear weapons buildup, while the [British government](http://www.defenseindustrydaily.com/new-nukes-britains-next-gen-missile-submarines-07432/ "undefined") is contemplating the development of a new, more advanced nuclear weapons system. Although, in recent decades, the U.S. and Russian governments did reduce their nuclear arsenals substantially, that process has come to a halt in recent years, as relations have soured between the two nations. Indeed, both countries are currently engaged in a new, extremely dangerous nuclear arms race. The [U.S. government](http://www.nytimes.com/2014/09/22/us/us-ramping-up-major-renewal-in-nuclear-arms.html "undefined") has committed itself to spending $1 trillion to “modernize” its nuclear facilities and build new nuclear weapons. For its part, the [Russian government](http://www.theguardian.com/world/2015/jan/04/us-russia-era-nuclear-rivalry "undefined") is investing heavily in the upgrading of its nuclear warheads and the development of new delivery systems, such as nuclear missiles and nuclear submarines. What can be done about this flouting of the NPT, some 45 years after it went into operation? That will almost certainly be a major issue at an [NPT Review Conference](http://www.un.org/en/conf/npt/2015/ "undefined") that will convene at the UN headquarters, in New York City, from April 27 to May 22\. These review conferences, held every five years, attract high-level national officials from around the world to discuss the treaty’s implementation. For a very brief time, the review conferences even draw the attention of television and other news commentators before the mass communications media return to their preoccupation with scandals, arrests, and the lives of movie stars. This spring’s NPT review conference might be particularly lively, given the heightening frustration of the non-nuclear powers at the failure of the nuclear powers to fulfill their NPT commitments. At [recent disarmament conferences](http://www.reachingcriticalwill.org/disarmament-fora/hinw "undefined") in Norway, Mexico and Austria, the representatives of a large number of non-nuclear nations, ignoring the opposition of the nuclear powers, focused on the catastrophic humanitarian consequences of nuclear war. One rising demand among restless non-nuclear nations and among nuclear disarmament groups is to develop a nuclear weapons [ban treaty](http://www.reachingcriticalwill.org/resources/publications-and-research/publications/8654-a-treaty-banning-nuclear-weapons "undefined"), whether or not the nuclear powers are willing to participate in negotiations. To heighten the pressure for the abolition of nuclear weapons, nuclear disarmament groups are staging a [Peace and Planet](http://www.peaceandplanet.org/ "undefined") mobilization, in Manhattan, on the eve of the NPT review conference. Calling for a “Nuclear-Free, Peaceful, Just, and Sustainable World,” the mobilization involves an international conference (comprised of plenaries and workshops) on April 24 and 25, plus a culminating interfaith convocation, rally, march, and festival on April 26\. Among the hundreds of endorsing organizations are many devoted to peace (Fellowship of Reconciliation, Pax Christi, Peace Action, Physicians for Social Responsibility, Veterans for Peace, and Women’s International League for Peace & Freedom), environmentalism (Earth Action, Friends of the Earth, and 350NYC), religion (Maryknoll Office for Global Concerns, Unitarian Universalist UN Office, United Church of Christ, and United Methodist General Board of Church & Society), workers’ rights (New Jersey Industrial Union Council, United Electrical Workers, and Working Families Party), and human welfare (American Friends Service Committee and National Association of Social Workers). Of course, how much effect the proponents of a nuclear weapons-free world will have on the cynical officials of the nuclear powers remains to be seen. After as many as 45 years of stalling on their own nuclear disarmament, it is hard to imagine that they are finally ready to begin negotiating a treaty effectively banning nuclear weapons―or at least their nuclear weapons. Meanwhile, let us encourage Iran not to follow the bad example set by the nuclear powers. And let us ask the nuclear-armed nations, now telling Iran that it should forgo the possession of nuclear weapons, when they are going to start practicing what they preach. _Dr. Lawrence Wittner (__) is Professor of History emeritus at SUNY/Albany. He is the author of “_[_Confronting the Bomb: A Short History of the World Nuclear Disarmament Movement_](http://www.amazon.com/Confronting-Bomb-Disarmament-Movement-Stanford/dp/0804756325/ref=sr%5F1%5F1?s=books&ie=UTF8&qid=1427056417&sr=1-1&keywords=confronting+the+bomb "undefined")_” (Stanford University Press)._ ```json [{"@context":"https://schema.org","@type":"NewsArticle","@id":"https://time.com/3763547/who-are-the-nuclear-scofflaws/","mainEntityOfPage":{"@type":"WebPage","@id":"https://time.com/3763547/who-are-the-nuclear-scofflaws/"},"headline":"Who Are the Nuclear Scofflaws?","datePublished":"2015-03-30T19:00:59.000Z","dateModified":"2026-05-11T05:04:48.274Z","description":"Surprise: The US is on the list. So is Russia. But Iran? 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