--- title: Mexican Immigration to the United States: A Brief History description: Today's immigrants differ from those of the past in several key ways canonical: https://time.com/3742067/history-mexican-immigration/ author: TIME article:opinion: false article:content_tier: free article:published_time: 2015-03-12T17:00:54.000Z article:modified_time: 2026-08-04T07:59:42.188Z article:section: History og:title: Mexican Immigration to the United States: A Brief History og:description: Today's immigrants differ from those of the past in several key ways og:url: https://time.com/3742067/history-mexican-immigration/ og:site_name: TIME og:image: https://static.time.com/v3/assets/bltea6093859af6183b/bltc4132a928db1a7bc/69878349428a9e1af2cc7977/immigration.jpeg?branch=production&width=1200&quality=75&auto=webp&crop=16:9 og:image:width: 1200 og:image:height: 675 og:image:alt: Mexican Workers og:type: article twitter:card: summary_large_image twitter:title: Mexican Immigration to the United States: A Brief History twitter:description: Today's immigrants differ from those of the past in several key ways twitter:image: https://static.time.com/v3/assets/bltea6093859af6183b/bltc4132a928db1a7bc/69878349428a9e1af2cc7977/immigration.jpeg?branch=production&width=1200&quality=75&auto=webp&crop=16:9 ---  # How Mexican Immigration to the U.S. Has Evolved > Sponsored content. 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Kluge Center at the Library of Congress Mar 12, 2015 5:00 PM UTC  Image of Mexican immigrants working with sickles to cut weeds along the side of a road outside of Chicago in 1917 Image of Mexican immigrants working with sickles to cut weeds along the side of a road outside of Chicago in 1917 Chicago History Museum / Getty Images by [The John W. Kluge Center at the Library of Congress](https://time.com/author/the-john-w-kluge-center-at-the-library-of-congress/) ## The John W. Kluge Center at the Library of Congress Mar 12, 2015 5:00 PM UTC _This post is in collaboration with_ [_The John W. Kluge Center at the Library of Congress_](http://www.loc.gov/loc/kluge/)_, which brings together scholars and researchers from around the world to use the Library’s rich collections. The article below was originally published on the Kluge Center blog with the title_ [_The History of Mexican Immigration to the U.S. in the Early 20th Century._](http://blogs.loc.gov/kluge/2015/03/the-history-of-mexican-immigration-to-the-u-s-in-the-early-20th-century) As a Kluge Fellow at the Library of Congress, historian Julia Young is currently researching a new book on Mexican immigration to the U.S. during the 1920s. She sat down with Jason Steinhauer to discuss the history of this migration and the similarities and differences to immigration today. **Hi, Julia. By way of background, could you provide an overview of the flow of immigrants from Mexico into the United States during the 19th and early 20th centuries?** For almost a half-century after the annexation of Texas in 1845, the flow was barely a trickle. In fact, there was a significant migration in the _other_ direction: Mexican citizens who left the newly annexed U.S. territories and resettled in Mexican territory. Beginning around the 1890s, new industries in the U.S. Southwest—especially mining and agriculture—attracted Mexican migrant laborers. The Mexican Revolution (1910-1920) then increased the flow: war refugees and political exiles fled to the United States to escape the violence. Mexicans also left rural areas in search of stability and employment. As a result, Mexican migration to the United States rose sharply. The number of legal migrants grew from around 20,000 migrants per year during the 1910s to about 50,000–100,000 migrants per year during the 1920s. **This same period saw massive numbers of immigrants arrive in the U.S. from Asia and Eastern and Southern Europe. Were Mexican immigrants viewed similarly or differently?** There was concern among the U.S. public, as well as policymakers and the press, that “new” immigrants from Eastern and Southern Europe as well as Asia were somehow different from previous generations of Western European immigrants to the United States—and whether their supposed differences posed a threat to U.S. society and culture. The so-called science of eugenics helped drive this concern—the notion that ethnic groups had inherent qualities (of intelligence, physical fitness, or a propensity towards criminality) and that some ethnic groups had better qualities than others. These beliefs tied in directly to concerns about immigration and immigration policy. However, Mexicans were sometimes said to have certain positive qualities that made them “better” labor immigrants than the other groups. They were thought to be docile, taciturn, physically strong, and able to put up with unhealthy and demanding working conditions. Perhaps more importantly, they were perceived as temporary migrants, who were far more likely to return to Mexico than to settle permanently in the United States. **Does this explain why Mexico was exempted from the quotas in the Immigration Act of 1924?** Mexico (and in fact, the entire Western hemisphere) was exempt from the quotas in part because of the agricultural lobby: farmers in the U.S. Southwest argued that without Mexican migrants, they would be unable to find the laborers needed to sow and harvest their crops. In addition, migration from the Western Hemisphere made up less than one-third of the overall flow of migrants to the United States at the time. Finally, the perceptions of Mexicans as temporary migrants and docile laborers contributed to the fact that they were never included in the quotas. **Soon after the quotas, the Cristero War erupted in Mexico. What impact did this have on immigration?** Between 1926 and 1929, Catholic partisans took up arms against the Mexican federal government in protest against a series of laws that placed strong restrictions on the public role of the Catholic Church. In a country that was 98 percent Catholic, this provoked a furious response. Many Mexican Catholics were determined to go to war against their government until the laws were overturned. The Cristero War had a twofold effect: first, it led to new waves of emigrants, exiles and refugees who fled the violence and economic disruption. Second, it politicized Mexican migrants in the United States around the Cristero cause. While not all Mexican migrants supported the Catholic side of the conflict, thousands did. They organized mass protests of the Mexican government from within their communities in the United States. **You’ve found evidence of a court case in Arizona that sheds light on this period. Could you tell us about it and why it’s significant to your research?** While researching my book I kept coming across mentions of a man named José Gándara, a Mexican immigrant who tried to start a Catholic revolt from the U.S.-side of the U.S.-Mexico border in 1927\. He was eventually caught in Tucson, where he was subsequently put on trial. In the Library of Congress Newspaper and Periodical collections, I found two Arizona newspapers that documented the case: the Tucson Citizen and the Arizona Daily Star. Both had extensive coverage of the Gándara trial, which was quite dramatic — Gándara had plotted with an exiled Catholic bishop from Mexico, along with numerous other Mexican migrants, and he had enlisted the support of members of the local indigenous Yaqui community. The plot was uncovered by agents working for the U.S. Department of Justice. During the trial, Gándara’s lawyers — who were prominent Catholics from El Paso — mocked the Mexican government and made eloquent arguments in his defense. In the end, though, Gándara was convicted of arms smuggling and fomenting revolution. He served some time in jail, although he was eventually able to get his sentence commuted, thanks to some powerful supporters within the U.S. Catholic hierarchy. His story was important because it demonstrated how far some Mexican immigrants were willing to go in order to fight the Mexican government during the Cristero War years. **Fascinating. And shortly after that, the Stock Market crashed and altered Mexican immigration once again.** Yes. At the onset of the Depression in 1929, entire industries dried up, and the need for immigrant labor decreased. Many Mexican migrants found themselves suddenly impoverished and tens of thousands of rural workers went back to Mexico. Hundreds of thousands of Mexicans were also deported under unofficial “repatriation” policies led by federal, municipal or city authorities. **As you listen to immigration debates in the 21st century, what strikes you as being similar and what strikes you as being different from debates in the early 20th century?** I’m often struck by the similarities. Some of the rhetoric and debate about immigration, particularly immigration from Mexico and Latin America, echoes that of the 1920s. It’s not uncommon to hear people describe current migrants as “too different” from the majority culture, as being unable to assimilate or acculturate. At the same time, immigration today has features that are historically unprecedented, and we shouldn’t make too many direct analogies. For example, immigration is much more diverse today. Migrants from Latin America during the early twentieth century came almost exclusively from Mexico, Puerto Rico, and (to a lesser extent) Cuba. Today, immigrants come from every country in Latin America, and even migration from Mexico has diversified: people come not only from the historical sending states in the Mexican heartland, but also from Mexico’s gulf coast, from the southern states, and from other areas that sent few migrants before the 1980s and 1990s. That means that Mexicans, and Latin Americans more broadly, are creating truly new communities in the United States – communities based around a pan-Latin American identity, as opposed to a regional homeland identity. I think that will be one of the most fascinating areas of research for future historians. _Julia Young is an Assistant Professor of History at The Catholic University of America. Her book “_ _Mexican Exodus: Emigrants, Exiles, and Refugees of the Cristero War” will be published this fall._ ## Transcript [ NOISE ] My fellow Americans. Tonight I'd like to talk with you about immigration. For more than 200 years, our tradition of welcoming immigrants from around the world has given us a tremendous advantage over other nations. It's kept us youthful, dynamic, and entrepreneurial. It has shaped our character as a people with limitless possibilities. People not trapped by our past but able to remake ourselves as we choose. But today, our immigration system is broken, and everybody knows it. Families who enter our country the right way and play by the rules, watch others flout the rules. Business owners who offer their workers good wages and benefits, see the competition exploit undocumented immigrants by paying them far less. All of us take offense to anyone who reaps the rewards of living in America without taking on the responsibilities of living in America. And undocumented immigrants who desperately want to embrace those responsibilities, see little option but to remain in the shadows, or risk their families being torn apart. It's been this way for decades. And for decades, we haven't done much about it. When I took office I committed to fixing this broken immigration system, and I began by doing what I could to secure our borders. Today we have more agents and technology deployed to secure our southern border than at any time in our history, and over the past six years illegal border crossings have been cut by more than half. Although this summer there was a brief spike in unaccompanied children being apprehended at our boarder the number of such children is actually lower then its been in nearly 2 years overall the number of people trying to cross our boarders illegally is at its lowest level since the 1970's. Those are the facts. Meanwhile, I worked with Congress on a comprehensive fix. And last year, 68 Democrats, Republicans, and Independents came together to pass a bipartisan bill in the Senate. It wasn't perfect. It was a compromise. But it reflected common sense. It would have doubled the number of Border Patrol agents, while giving undocumented immigrants a pathway to citizenship, if they paid a fine, started paying their taxes, and went to the back of the line. And independent experts said that it would help grow our economy, and shrink our deficits. Had the House of Representatives allowed that kind of bill a simple yes or no vote. They would've passed with support from both parties and today it would be the law. But for a year and a half now Republicans leaders in the house have refused to allow that simple vote. Now I continue to believe that the best way to solve this problem is by working together to pass that kind of commonsense law. But until that happens, there are actions I have the legal authority to take, as President. The same kinds of actions taken by Democratic and Republican presidents before me. That will help make our immigration system more fair, and more just. Tonight I'm announcing those actions. First, we'll build on our progress at the border with additional resources for our law enforcement personnel, so that they can stem the flow of illegal crossings and speed the return of those who do cross over. Second. I'll make it easier and faster for high- skilled immigrants, graduates, and entrepreneurs to stay and contribute to our economy, as so many business leaders have proposed. Third. We'll take steps to deal responsibly with the millions of undocumented immigrants. Who already live in our country. I want to say more about this third issue, because it generates the most passion and controversy. Even as we are a nation of immigrants, we're also a nation of laws. Undocumented workers broke our immigration laws, and I believe that they must be held accountable. Especially those who may be dangerous. That's why over the past six years deportations of criminals are up 80 %. And that's why we're going to keep focusing enforcement resources on actual threats to our security. Felons, not families. Criminals, not children. Gang members. Not a mom who's working hard to provide for her kids. We'll prioritize, just like law enforcement does every day. But, even as we focus on deporting criminals, the fact is millions of immigrants in every state, of every race and nationality. Still live here illegally. And let's be honest. Tracking down, rounding up and deporting millions of people isn't realistic. Anyone who suggests otherwise isn't being straight with you. It's also not who we are as Americans. After all, most of these immigrants have been here a long time. They work hard, often in tough, low paying jobs. They support their families, they worship at our churches. Many of their kids are American- born, or spend most their lives here. And their hopes, dreams and patriotism are just like ours. As my predecessor President Bush once put it. They are a part of American life. Now, here's the thing. We expect people who live in this country to play by the rules. We expect that those who cut the line will not be unfairly rewarded. So we are going to offer the following deal. If you've been in American for more than five years. If you have children who are American citizens or legal residents, if you register, pass a criminal background check, and you're willing to pay your fair share of taxes, you'll be able to apply to stay in this country temporarily without fear of deportation. You can come out of the shadows and get right with the law. That's what this deal is. Now let's be clear about what it isn't. This deal does not apply to anyone who has come to this country recently. It does not apply to anyone who might come to America illegally in the future. It does not grant citizenship or the right to stay here permanently, or offer the same benefits that citizens receive. Only Congress can do that. All we're saying is, we're not going to deport you. I know some of the critics of this action call it amnesty. Well, it's not. Amnesty is the immigration system we have today. Millions of people who live here without paying their taxes or playing by the rules. While politicians use the issue to scare people and whip up votes at election time. That's the real amnesty, leaving this broken system the way it is. Mass amnesty would be unfair. Mass deportation would be both impossible and contrary to our character. What I'm describing is accountability. A common sense, middle ground approach. If you meet the criteria, you can come out of the shadows and get right with the law. If you're a criminal, you'll be deported. If you plan to enter the US illegally, your chances of getting caught and sent back just went up. The actions I'm taking are not only lawful. They're the kinds of actions taken by every single Republican President and every single Democratic President for the past half century. And to those members of Congress who question my authority to make our immigration system work better or question the wisdom of me acting where congress has failed. I have one answer. Pass a bill. I wanna work with both parties to pass a more permanent legislative solution. And the day I sign that bill into law, the actions I take will no longer be necessary. Meanwhile, don't let a disagreement over a single issue be a deal breaker on every issue. That's not how our democracy works. And Congress certainly shouldn't shut down our government again just because we disagree on this. Americans are tired of gridlock. What are country needs from us right now is a common purpose. A higher purpose. Most Americans support the types of reforms I've talked about tonight. but I understand the disagreements held by many of you at home. Millions of us, myself included, go back generations in this country, with ancestors who put in the painstaking work to become citizens. So, we don't like the notion that anyone might a free pass to American citizenship. I know some worry, immigration will change the very fabric of who we are or take our jobs. Or stick it to middle class families at a time when they already feel like they've gotten the raw deal for over a decade. I hear those concerns. But that's not what these steps would do. Our history and the facts show that immigrants are a net plus for our economy and our society. And I believe it's important that all of us have this debate without impuning each others character. Because for all the back and forth of Washington. We have to remember that this debate is about something bigger. It's about who we are as a country. And who we wanna be for future generations. Are we a nation that tolerates the hypocrisy of a system where workers who pick our fruit and make our beds never have a chance to get right with the law? Or are we a nation that gives them a chance to make amends. Take responsibility and give their kids a better future. Are we a nation that accepts the cruelty of ripping children from their parents arms? Or are we a nation that values families and works together to keep them together? Are we a nation that educates the best and brightest in our universities only to send them home to create businesses in countries that compete against us or are we a nation that encourages them to stay and create jobs here, create businesses here, create industries right here in America. That is what this debate is all about. We need more than politics as usual when it comes to immigration. We need reasoned, thoughtful, compassionate debate that focuses on our hopes, not our fears. I know the politics in this issue are tough. But let me tell you why I have come to feel so strongly about it. Over the past years I've seen the determination of immigrant fathers who worked two or three jobs without taking a dime from the government and at risk any moment of losing it all just to build a better life for their kids. I've seen the heartbreak and anxiety of children whose mothers might be taken away from them just because they didn't have the right papers. I've seen the courage of students who, except for the circumstances of their birth, are as American as Malia or Sasha. Students who bravely come out as undocumented in hopes they could make a difference in the country they love. These people. Our neighbors, our classmates, our friends. They did not come here in search of a free ride or an easy life. They came to work. And study. And serve in our military. And above all, contribute to America's success Now tomorrow I'll travel to Las Vegas and meet with some of these students, including a young woman named Astrid Silva. Astrid was brought to America when she was four years old. Her only possessions were a cross, her doll, and the frilly dress she had on. When she started school she didn't speak any English. She caught up to other kids by reading newspapers and watching PBS. And she became a good student. Her father worked in landscaping. Her mom cleaned other people's homes. They wouldn't let Astrid apply to a technology magnet school. Not because they didn't love her but because they were afraid the paperwork would out her as an undocumented immigrant. So, she applied behind their back and got in, still she mostly lived in the shadows. Until her grandmother who visited every year from Mexico passed away. And she couldn't travel to the funeral without risk of being found out and deported. It was around that time she decided to begin advocating for herself and others like her. And today Astrid Sola is a college student working on her third degree. Are we a nation that kicks out a striving hopeful immigrant like Astrid? Or are we a nation that finds a way to welcome her in? Scripture tells us that we shall not oppress a stranger. For we know the heart of a stranger. We were strangers once too. My fellow Americans. We are and always will be a nation of immigrants. We were strangers once too. And whether our forbearers were strangers who crossed the Atlantic or the Pacific. Or the Rio Grande we are here only because this country welcomed them in and taught them that to be an American is about something more then what we look like or what our last names are or how we worship. What makes us Americans is our shared commitment to an ideal. That all of us are created equal, and all of us have the change to make of our lives what we will. That's the country our parents, and grandparents, and generations before them built for us. That's the tradition we must uphold. That's the legacy we must leave for those who are yet to come. Thank you. 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