Rock Stars: See Historic Climbing Moments on Yosemite's El Capitan

  • 1958: Warren Harding climbs the Nose El Capitan soars 3,000 vertical feet above the Yosemite Valley. The climbing community once considered the granite pillar insurmountable. Warren Harding proved otherwise. He was the first climber to lead a team up a route known as the Nose, which today is considered one of the great classics of “big wall” climbing. Harding worked on the project over two climbing seasons – a collective 47 days – and finally managed to reach the top in November 1958.
    Courtesy of the Yosemite Climbing Association
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  • 1961: Royal Robbins scales the Salathé Wall Royal Robbins, a climbing pioneer, made an unprecedented ascent up the Salathé Wall route on El Capitan. Robbins and his climbing partners, Tom Frost and Chuck Pratt, weren’t the first to ascend El Capitan. However, Robbins proved that using lots of climbing gear wasn’t always the best way to reach the summit. Climbing Salathé, he heavily relied on the natural features of the rock, and only 13 bolts and a few fixed ropes to aid in the ascent.
    Tom Frost—Wikimedia Commons
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  • 1964: Conquering the other side of El Cap Not long after summiting Salathé, Royal Robbins was making history again. With Yvon Chouinard, Tom Frost and Chuck Pratt, he made the first ascent of the southeast face of El Capitan, in the area called the North America Wall. Unlike the southwest face, the southeast façade didn’t have “trails” of cracks that climbers could follow up. The rock was steeper, with overhanging ledges, and more difficult than what had been previously attempted. But as an added challenge, Robbins decided against using “fixed” ropes, which are used to ferry supplies to the climbers and quickly ascend or descend in an emergency. This meant the team had to reach the top in one push.
    Tom Frost—Wikimedia Commons
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  • 1970: Warren Harding wrestles the Dawn Wall Warren Harding and Dean Caldwell (no relation to Tommy Caldwell) were the first to climb the Dawn Wall in 1970. At the time, the route was called Wall of the Early Morning Light. The team heavily relied on ropes and bolts, yet still the climb was a struggle because vast swaths of the route are very sheer and very steep. To boot, the team’s progress was stymied for several days by a severe storm. Park rangers attempted a rescue mission but Harding, determined to make it to the top, shooed them away.
    AP
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  • 1975: Jim Bridwell blazes up El Cap in a day Plenty of hardy “big wall” climbers had made it up El Capitan by the mid 70s. But Jim Bridwell, with climbing partners Billy Westbay and John Long, broke a record when he climbed The Nose in less than a day. To this day, so-called “speed climbers” are still competing for the fastest ascent. (The current record holders are Alex Honnold and Hans Florine, who, in 2012, finished The Nose in less than two and a half hours).
    StoneMastersPress—Wikimedia Commons
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  • 1988-1993: “Freeing” El Cap Free climbing is a technique in which ropes and climbing gear is used in case of a fall, but not to assist in the climber’s ascent. The climbing community hadn’t considered the technique to be possible on an entire “big wall” route – until Todd Skinner and Paul Piana did it in 1988 on the Salathé Wall. Five years later, Lynn Hill (pictured above), a renowned female climber, “freed” the Nose with climbing partner Brooke Sandahl.
    Heinz Zak—Courtesy of Lynn Hill
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  • 1989: First paraplegic ascent Mark Wellman, a climber who had minimal use of his legs, ascended El Capitan in July 1989. Wellman’s climbing partner, Mike Corbett, scaled ahead to set the climbing ropes in rock and Wellman followed, pulling himself up the ropes with a T-bar lift device.
    Eric Risberg—AP
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  • 2000s: Tommy Caldwell frees more routes Tommy Caldwell has established some of the hardest climbing routes in the country. But his playground is Yosemite. He has free climbed the most routes on El Capitan than any other climber and he was the first to free climb routes including the Dihedral Wall, Magic Mushrooms and Muir Wall.
    Corey Rich—Aurora Photos
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  • 2015: The Dawn Wall meets its match In January 2015, some 45 years after Warren Harding first established the Dawn Wall route, Tommy Caldwell and Kevin Jorgeson summited without rope assistance. Their free climb took 19 days. The Dawn Wall is considered by some in the climbing community to be the most challenging route to free climb in the world.
    Brett Lowell—Aurora Photo
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By Emily Barone

On Jan. 14, Tommy Caldwell and Kevin Jorgeson, two American climbers, scaled the fabled Dawn Wall in Yosemite National Park using just hands and feet. The façade, located on the southeast side of the massive El Capitan rock formation, was widely considered an impossible climb without the help of ropes. Caldwell and Jorgeson’s story builds upon decades of record-breaking (and bone-breaking) climbs on El Capitan in the Yosemite Valley. Above are some of the trailblazers who paved the way for their success.

Two of those featured are Warren Harding and Dean Caldwell (no relation to Tommy), who over nearly 27 days in 1970 became the first to scale the Dawn Wall, though using ropes and rivets. In the video below, co-directors Nick Rosen and Peter Mortimer share with TIME an exclusive clip from the award-winning documentary Valley Uprising, which shows Harding and Caldwell’s infamous 1970 ascent. The film, which will be available on Vimeo starting Jan. 15, documents the epic stories of the men and women who have made history conquering El Capitan over the past 50 years.

Read next: This week’s TIME magazine article, Man vs. Yosemite

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