How Women Secretly Won the Hobby Lobby Fight

5 minute read

*Correction appended January 6, 2016 to reflect that Susan Collins chairs the Select Committee on Aging.

When the Supreme Court handed down the Hobby Lobby decision, allowing companies to deny women insurance coverage of certain contraceptives, it seemed like a blow for women’s rights.

But the amount of maneuvering by women in Washington before and after the decision shows women’s burgeoning power in the Capitol.

When Congress passed Obama’s healthcare reform in 2010, it allowed the Administration to decide whether employers would be required to provide free contraception to female employees under the new insurance plans available through the state health care exchanges.

Almost immediately, several religious groups and faith-based companies, including Hobby Lobby, a chain of craft stores, applied for exemptions from providing the “morning-after pill,” which interrupts a suspected pregnancy by preventing the fertilized egg from attaching to the uterine wall. Hard-core right-to-life advocates believe that life begins at the moment of conception, and that taking pills to interrupt even a potential pregnancy constitutes murder.

Catholic members of Obama’s Administration, such as chief of staff Bill Daley and Vice President Joe Biden, argued for a wide exemption that would allow any religious group or entity to opt out. Most of the women in the Administration argued for a narrow one, so that as many women as possible could have contraception covered.

The issue came up at one of the Cabinet women’s regular dinners, a tradition started by Health and Human Services Secretary Kathleen Sebelius and Homeland Security Secretary Janet Napolitano, who as the respective governors of Kansas and Arizona, had dined regularly with the female counterparts from other states. The women decided that they would lobby the President for a narrow exemption through their own channels, bringing it up at the end of unrelated meetings on the environment, economics, or foreign policy.

The strategy worked. After hearing this message from so many women in the Administration, President Obama gathered women from the Cabinet and the West Wing to weigh in. “There were people who were trying to advise the President about strategies that would have limited choices for a lot of women,” Sebelius said. “There was a pretty universal belief among the women in the Cabinet and senior White House advisors that was a big mistake.” Obama opted for a very narrow exemption.

Read More: Meet the Obama White House’s ‘Smurfettes’

A year later in March 2012, the Senate took up the matter. Before the vote, Senate Minority Leader Mitch McConnell lobbied his members to support a much broader exemption. Maine Sens. Olympia Snowe and Susan Collins, both pro-choice, objected to it, and three senior GOP sources said McConnell threatened to take away future chairmanships if they voted against the measure. McConnell has since denied this—as has Collins— and his office notes that the committees elect their chairs, not the leaders.

Courtesy of Time Inc. Books
Courtesy of Time Inc. BooksCourtesy of Time Inc. Books

The episode was so acrimonious that Snowe, who’d been in office 17 years and was weighing another term, abruptly announced she would be retiring. In an angry press conference, she lambasted the “atmosphere of polarization and ‘my way or the highway’ ideologies” in the Senate. The wider exemption failed 51-48, with both Republican women voting against it. When the GOP took back the Senate in 2015, Collins, the most senior Republican woman in the Senate, did not get a chairmanship of a major committee, though she does chair the Special Select Committee on Aging.

It was the Supreme Court where women make up 33.3% of the bench, where the exemption was struck down in July 2014. Sen. Patty Murray, a Washington Democrat, told me that she purposefully went to hear the Supreme Court’s oral arguments on the Hobby Lobby case.

“I watched the two men lawyers make their cases and immediately the lawyer speaking from Hobby Lobby was interrupted by the women on that court asking the questions I would have asked. You know, ‘What does this mean?’ ‘How can an employer decide?’ It made a huge difference on that court because it was the women who asked questions,” Murray told me.

“But the decision still went their way,” I noted.

“I know,” Murray said. “Guess how many men were in that court?” she said with a wry smile. Murray is resolved to see a fourth woman added to the Supreme Court: in her mind, the work of balancing the bench is far from done.

The Hobby Lobby decision energized women’s groups to campaign to get more women appointed to the bench. Ultimately, the Obama Administration—again led by the women in the Cabinet and the West wing—rewrote the law to allow companies to opt out of insuring certain contraception; the federal government would instead extend that coverage.

As of the end of 2015, this language had been challenged and upheld in four federal appeals courts and looked likely to withstand a Supreme Court challenge should one emerge. Where there is a will, there is a way.

This is an excerpt from TIME Magazine correspondent Jay Newton-Small’s new book “Broad Influence: How Women Are Changing the Way America Works,” out January 5 and available here on Amazon. The book looks at the areas in the workforce where women are reaching critical mass—typically between 20-30 percent—and how they’re changing the way we govern, manage, adjudicate and command.

Read More: Inside the Decision to Open Up the Frontlines to Women

See Ruth Bader Ginsburg Grow from Toddler to Supreme Court Justice

Ruth Bader Ginsburg Supreme Court Justice Young Photos
August 2, 1935 Childhood photograph of Ruth Bader taken when she was two years old.Collection of the Supreme Court of the United States
Ruth Bader Ginsburg Supreme Court Justice Young Photos
1948 Ruth Bader delivers a sermon as camp Rabbi at the age of 15, at Che-Na-Wah camp in Minerva, N.Y.Collection of the Supreme Court of the United States
Ruth Bader Ginsburg Supreme Court Justice Young Photos
December, 1953 Studio photograph of Ruth Bader, taken in Dec. 1953 when she was a Senior at Cornell University.Collection of the Supreme Court of the United States
Ruth Bader Ginsburg Supreme Court Justice Young Photos
Fall, 1954 Martin D. Ginsburg and Ruth Bader Ginsburg taken in the fall while Martin Ginsburg served in the Army, before being drafted, stationed at Artillery Village in Fort Sill, Okla. Martin Ginsburg was drafted into the Army in 1954.Collection of the Supreme Court of the United States
Ruth Bader Ginsburg Supreme Court Justice Young Photos
Summer 1958 Ruth Bader Ginsburg and Martin Ginsburg play with their three-year old daughter, Jane, in her bedroom at Martin's parents' home in Rockville Centre, N.YCollection of the Supreme Court of the United States
Ruth Bader Ginsburg Supreme Court Justice Young Photos
Fall 1980 Judge Ruth Bader Ginsburg during her first term as a United States Circuit Judge to the U.S. Court of Appeals for the District of Columbia.Collection of the Supreme Court of the United States
Ruth Bader Ginsburg Supreme Court Justice Young Photos
December, 1980 Ruth Bader Ginsburg, her husband Martin Ginsburg, and their children James and Jane in a boat off the shore of St. Thomas in the Virgin Islands.Collection of the Supreme Court of the United States
Ruth Bader Ginsburg with her husband at the Greenbrier, circa 1972
1972 Ruth Bader Ginsburg with her husband Martin at the Greenbrier resort in White Sulphur Springs, W.V.Collection of the Supreme Court of the United States
Ruth Bader Ginsburg Supreme Court Justice Young Photos
Oct. 1, 1993 Informal portrait of Justice Ruth Bader Ginsburg standing before the mantle in the Justices' Dining Room in Washington.Collection of the Supreme Court of the United States
Ruth Bader Ginsburg Supreme Court Justice Young Photos
August 10, 1993 Justice Ruth Bader Ginsburg is sworn in as an Associate Justice of the Supreme Court. From left to right stand President Bill Clinton, Justice Ruth Bader Ginsburg, Martin Ginsburg, and Chief Justice William Rehnquist.Collection of the Supreme Court of the United States
Ruth Bader Ginsburg Supreme Court Justice Young Photos
Official portrait of Justice Ruth Bader GinsburgSteve Petteway—Collection of the Supreme Court of the United States

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