• History

How Jane Goodall Made a Scientific Breakthrough Without a College Degree

3 minute read

When Jane Goodall arrived at Tanzania’s Gombe National Park on this day, July 14, in 1960, she was not, strictly speaking, a scientist. The anthropologist Louis Leakey had sent her there to study the social lives of chimpanzees, largely on the strength of Goodall’s passion and curiosity about the animals. But she lacked a college degree, and she took a decidedly unscientific approach to her research. Instead of assigning numbers to the chimps she observed, she named them: Fifi, Freud and Frodo in one family; Goblin, Gremlin and Glitter in another.

It was the fulfillment of Goodall’s dream, from age 8, to “to go live in Africa, spend time with animals, and write books about them,” according to a later TIME story about her. But there was nothing childish about the way she carried out her work. In the first year of a study that would ultimately span decades, she made the groundbreaking discovery that chimps made and used tools, which until that moment had been viewed as an exclusively human ability.

The anthropology community was stunned by Goodall’s finding that, “like men,” as TIME put it, “chimpanzees are technological animals.” They chewed leaves to make sponges and sopped water out of hollow branches. They stripped grass stems to use as probes for digging termites out of their mounds. Leakey summarized the significance of Goodall’s discovery: “Now we must redefine ‘tool,’ redefine ‘man,’ or accept chimpanzees as humans.”

Goodall (who eventually earned a PhD in ethology at Cambridge University, where she was one of the few to do so without first earning a bachelor’s degree, per PBS) also stunned her fellow anthropologists and ethologists with the finding that chimps lived complex emotional lives within highly sophisticated social structures. As TIME explained in 1971:

They have a wide range of intelligible expressions: fear, rage, hunger, shock, confusion, boredom, irritation, amusement, worry, pleading, mischief, tenderness, embarrassment—even a look of comic alarm that reminded Jane of refined English girls watching horror movies. The chimps also smile, hold hands, dance when it rains, play simple games and stage hugging-and-backslapping orgies when they discover a new fruit tree.

And while Goodall preferred to spend her time in the company of chimps, her efforts to protect their habitat forced her increasingly into contact with those other sophisticated, tool-using primates: humans. She recognized that getting humankind on board with conservation was the key to preserving the earth for all species — and that people could change the world without going to live in Africa, spending time with the animals and writing books about them.

“The lifelong introvert overcame her shyness ‘out of necessity,’” TIME wrote in 2004. “Hearing few voices of optimism, she has raised hers, now spending 300 days a year traveling, lecturing about her research, and telling people, in her gentle, teacherly voice, ‘to keep up their hope, to feel that what they do can make a difference.’”

Read a 2002 column that Goodall wrote for TIME, here in the archives: The Power of One

LIFE With the Astrochimps: Early Stars of the Space Race

LIFE With the Astrochimps: Early Stars of the Space Race
LIFE cover, Feb. 10, 1961. Ham the Chimpanzee in the space capsule after returning from the Mercury Redstone 2 space flight.
LIFE With the Astrochimps: Early Stars of the Space Race
Ham the astrochimp after his historic 1961 suborbital flight.Ralph Morse—Time & Life Pictures/Getty Images
LIFE With the Astrochimps: Early Stars of the Space Race
The rocket sled at Holloman Air Force Base, 1960.Ralph Crane—Time & Life Pictures/Getty Images
LIFE With the Astrochimps: Early Stars of the Space Race
Caption from LIFE. Astrochimp in training, 1960.Ralph Crane—Time & Life Pictures/Getty Images
LIFE With the Astrochimps: Early Stars of the Space Race
Caption from LIFE. "A hug and a pat are exchanged in a moment of fond reassurance."Ralph Crane—Time & Life Pictures/Getty Images
LIFE With the Astrochimps: Early Stars of the Space Race
Not published in LIFE. Astrochimp in training.Ralph Crane—Time & Life Pictures/Getty Images
LIFE With the Astrochimps: Early Stars of the Space Race
A chimp is strapped into a "couch" rigged with all manner of monitoring equipment during a test prior to Ham's January 1961 flight.Ralph Crane—Time & Life Pictures/Getty Images
LIFE With the Astrochimps: Early Stars of the Space Race
Not published in LIFE. Astrochimp in training, 1960.Ralph Crane—Time & Life Pictures/Getty Images
LIFE With the Astrochimps: Early Stars of the Space Race
An astrochimp in training learns to press buttons in order to reward himself with banana pellets, 1961.Ralph Crane—Time & Life Pictures/Getty Images
LIFE With the Astrochimps: Early Stars of the Space Race
An astrochimp learns to handle equipment at Holloman AFB, 1960.Ralph Crane—Time & Life Pictures/Getty Images
LIFE With the Astrochimps: Early Stars of the Space Race
Not published in LIFE. Astrochimps in training, 1960.Ralph Crane—Time & Life Pictures/Getty Images
LIFE With the Astrochimps: Early Stars of the Space Race
Astrochimp in training at Holloman Air Force Base, 1960.Ralph Crane—Time & Life Pictures/Getty Images
LIFE With the Astrochimps: Early Stars of the Space Race
Ham the astrochimp, seemingly mugging for the camera, 1961.Ralph Morse—Time & Life Pictures/Getty Images
LIFE With the Astrochimps: Early Stars of the Space Race
Astrochimp in training at Holloman Air Force Base, 1960.Ralph Crane—Time & Life Pictures/Getty Images
LIFE With the Astrochimps: Early Stars of the Space Race
A chimp and a handler look at X-rays during Mercury training at Holloman Air Force Base, 1960.Ralph Crane—Time & Life Pictures/Getty Images
LIFE With the Astrochimps: Early Stars of the Space Race
Astrochimps and their handlers, Holloman AFB, 1960.Ralph Crane—Time & Life Pictures/Getty Images
LIFE With the Astrochimps: Early Stars of the Space Race
Not published in LIFE. Holloman Air Force Base, 1961.Ralph Crane—Time & Life Pictures/Getty Images
LIFE With the Astrochimps: Early Stars of the Space Race
Not published in LIFE. Astrochimp at Holloman Air Force Base, 1961.Ralph Crane—Time & Life Pictures/Getty Images
LIFE With the Astrochimps: Early Stars of the Space Race
Not published in LIFE. Astrochimp, 1960.Ralph Crane—Time & Life Pictures/Getty Images
LIFE With the Astrochimps: Early Stars of the Space Race
Not published in LIFE. Astrochimps, 1960.Ralph Crane—Time & Life Pictures/Getty Images
LIFE With the Astrochimps: Early Stars of the Space Race
Ham the astrochimp, 1961.Ralph Morse—Time & Life Pictures/Getty Images
LIFE With the Astrochimps: Early Stars of the Space Race
Ham the astrochimp and his handler, Cape Canaveral, Florida, 1961.Ralph Crane—Time & Life Pictures/Getty Images
LIFE With the Astrochimps: Early Stars of the Space Race
Not published in LIFE. Ham the astrochimp, 1961.Ralph Morse—Time & Life Pictures/Getty Images
LIFE With the Astrochimps: Early Stars of the Space Race
Not published in LIFE. Ham the astrochimp after his 1961 suborbital flight.Ralph Morse—Time & Life Pictures/Getty Images
LIFE With the Astrochimps: Early Stars of the Space Race
Not published in LIFE. Ham the astrochimp is escorted by a human friend after his suborbital space flight, January 1961.Ralph Morse—Time & Life Pictures/Getty Images
LIFE With the Astrochimps: Early Stars of the Space Race
A Mercury space capsule carries Ham the astrochimp into space on Jan. 31, 1961. His flight lasted 16 minutes and 39 seconds.Ralph Morse—Time & Life Pictures/Getty Images

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