--- --- # Yangtze porpoise swims back from the brink  _This content was paid for and prepared by China Daily, an official publication of the People's Republic of China. The TIME editorial and advertising departments were not involved in the creation of this content._ A Yangtze finless porpoise swims with a newborn calf in Yichang, Hubei province in 2023\. PROVIDED TO CHINA DAILY By LI MENGHAN A painful setback can sometimes act as a catalyst for meaningful change. When the Baiji dolphin named Qiqi died in 2002, there was gloom in conservation circles. Qiqi, the sound of which means “rarity” in Chinese, had been living in captivity since it was rescued from the shallow waters of the Yangtze River in 1980. The gloom turned to shock five years later, in 2007, when the Royal Society published an article declaring the Baiji functionally extinct. Functional extinction means that the population of a species has declined to an extent that it can no longer sustain reproduction under natural conditions. But the decline of the Baiji spurred the authorities to focus their efforts to conserve the Yangtze finless porpoise, another endangered species living in the Yangtze River ecosystem. The Royal Society’s article on the Baiji’s decline was based on a sixweek field survey by scientists from seven countries, marking the first global extinction of a large vertebrate in over 50 years. Though it did not mean that the species was completely extinct, it underscored a far bigger problem plaguing the Yangtze River ecosystem. The Baiji, or the Yangtze River dolphin, is classified as a separate family, which means that its functional extinction represents a significant gap from an evolutionary perspective, according to Wang Ding, secretary-general of the Chinese National Committee for the Man and the Biosphere Programme of UNESCO. If the apex predator in the Yangtze River ecosystem could no longer survive, other species in the river would also gradually disappear under a domino effect, Wang added. Wang said the dangers facing the Baiji were noticed almost three decades earlier. The government and research institutions invested substantial human and financial resources in rescue efforts, including establishing protected areas and intensifying scientific research. However, the results were less than satisfactory and the number of Baiji dolphins steadily declined. Compared to the Baiji, the Yangtze finless porpoise is smaller, lacks a dorsal fin, and has a shorter and broader rostrum. Wang Xi, a researcher from the Museum of Aquatic Organisms under the Institute of Hydrobiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, said that the ancestors of the Yangtze finless porpoise migrated from the oceans hundreds of thousands of years ago, adapted to the freshwater environment and established habitats in the Yangtze River. Like the Baiji, they are also apex predators in the Yangtze ecosystem. However, the spread of economic development and increase in human activities had led to a sharp decline in Yangtze finless porpoise population. Their numbers dropped from around 2,700 in the early 1990s to just about 1,800 in 2006\. In 2012, a field investigation led by the Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs found that only about 1,040 finless porpoises remained — 460 in Poyang Lake, 90 in Dongting Lake and the rest in the main stream of the Yangtze River. The alarming drop in numbers led the International Union for Conservation of Nature to classify the Yangtze finless porpoise as a critically endangered species in 2013. As a first step, the implementation of a three-pronged protection strategy was intensified. The strategy includes ex-situ conservation, in-situ conservation, and captive breeding and rearing. “Ex-situ conservation is a critical strategy and acts as a genetic reservoir. It involves relocating the Yangtze finless porpoises to enclosed or semi-enclosed water bodies with ecological conditions similar to the Yangtze River for dedicated protection,” Wang said. These porpoises are later reintroduced into the wild once the river’s environment improves. In-situ conservation involves establishing nature reserves in areas with dense Yangtze finless porpoise populations. China has established eight such conservation areas along the Yangtze River’s main stream and in Dongting and Poyang Lakes, covering over 30% of the river’s middle and lower reaches. Captive breeding and rearing mainly take place at the Baiji Dolphinarium in Wuhan, where Qiqi once lived. The aquarium is now home to 12 finless porpoises, five of which were born under captive breeding conditions, including three second-generation porpoises, Wang said. Thanks to the three-pronged strategy and the measures taken to protect and restore the Yangtze River, including the Yangtze River Protection Law and the 10-year fishing ban, the Yangtze finless porpoise population has rebounded in recent years. From 1,012 finless porpoises in 2017, the population increased to 1,249 in 2022, marking the first-ever rebound since monitoring began. Wang says this is “extremely rare,” because freshwater cetacean populations are typically hard to recover once they begin to decline. “China’s conservation efforts for the Yangtze finless porpoise have received high praise internationally, with its methods, like passive acoustic monitoring, being promoted in Southeast Asia. This technology is now used for monitoring and conserving Irrawaddy dolphins in Cambodia’s Mekong River,” Wang said. 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