--- title: Why K-Pop Took Off When C-Pop Didn’t description: “For more than a decade, China has looked on with undisguised envy as its Korean neighbor has accumulated soft power through cultural exports,” writes Bobby Ghosh. canonical: https://time.com/article/2026/09/21/why-k-pop-took-off-when-c-pop-did-not/ author: Bobby Ghosh article:opinion: true article:content_tier: free article:published_time: 2026-09-21T10:30:03.959Z article:modified_time: 2026-09-21T10:30:04.664Z article:section: Ideas og:title: Why K-Pop Took Off When C-Pop Didn’t og:description: “For more than a decade, China has looked on with undisguised envy as its Korean neighbor has accumulated soft power through cultural exports,” writes Bobby Ghosh. og:url: https://time.com/article/2026/09/21/why-k-pop-took-off-when-c-pop-did-not/ og:site_name: TIME og:image: https://static.time.com/v3/assets/bltea6093859af6183b/blte5275ba95d2c3325/6ab0a66edee4e36fcc9f38cb/BTS-SoFi-ARIRANG.jpg?branch=production&width=1024&quality=75&auto=webp&crop=16:9 og:image:width: 1024 og:image:height: 576 og:image:alt: BTS-SoFi-ARIRANG.jpg og:type: article twitter:card: summary_large_image twitter:title: Why K-Pop Took Off When C-Pop Didn’t twitter:description: “For more than a decade, China has looked on with undisguised envy as its Korean neighbor has accumulated soft power through cultural exports,” writes Bobby Ghosh. twitter:image: https://static.time.com/v3/assets/bltea6093859af6183b/blte5275ba95d2c3325/6ab0a66edee4e36fcc9f38cb/BTS-SoFi-ARIRANG.jpg?branch=production&width=1024&quality=75&auto=webp&crop=16:9 ---  IDEAS Time ideas # Why K-Pop Took Off When C-Pop Didn’t > Sponsored content. 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Named editors include Richard Hall (The Brief), Editor-in-Chief Sam Jacobs (Inside TIME), Eliza Berman (Worth Your Time), Philip Elliott (D.C. Brief), Justin Worland (Future Proof) and Harry Booth (In the Loop). Health Matters is written by TIME's health desk. #### How do I sign up for a TIME newsletter? Go to time.com/newsletters, choose the newsletters you want and enter your email address. There is no cost and no subscription requirement. ### Sources * TIME Newsletters: [time.com/newsletters](/c/time-nl-network-2026q3/newsletters?i=ed70d3ba-59a9-4c64-bdca-eb0d6f4fe2fb&cr=time-nl-network-2026q3-v1) by [Bobby Ghosh](https://time.com/author/bobby-ghosh/) ## Bobby Ghosh Ghosh, a former TIME foreign correspondent and International Editor, is a commentator on geopolitics. Sep 21, 2026 10:30 AM UTC  BTS performs at SoFi Stadium during their "ARIRANG" World Tour on Sept. 1, 2026 in Inglewood, CA. BTS performs at SoFi Stadium during their "ARIRANG" World Tour on Sept. 1, 2026 in Inglewood, CA. Kayla Bartkowski—Los Angeles Times/Getty Images by [Bobby Ghosh](https://time.com/author/bobby-ghosh/) ## Bobby Ghosh Ghosh, a former TIME foreign correspondent and International Editor, is a commentator on geopolitics. Sep 21, 2026 10:30 AM UTC It’s not often that an 18th century folk song can be said to be the inspiration for a pop concert. But those who attended the finale of [BTS](https://time.com/collections/next-generation-leaders/5418827/bts-members/)’ “ARIRANG” North American concert tour at Los Angeles’ giant SoFi Stadium earlier this month will long remember the tens of thousands of fans who [waved South Korean flags](https://www.koreatimes.co.kr/amp/entertainment/k-pop/20260908/bts-concludes-n-american-tour-with-record-breaking-la-shows) and sang along to the traditional Korean melody. The four-night run in LA was the finale to a tour of 31 sold-out shows, with combined attendance of approximately [1.92 million,](https://en.yna.co.kr/view/AEN20260908001900315) according to figures released by the band’s agency. For comparison, Beyoncé’s 2023 [Renaissance tour](https://time.com/6251869/beyonce-renaissance-tour/) sold about [1.73 million](https://touringdata.org/2023/06/29/beyonce-renaissance-tour/) tickets across 35 North American shows. The [flag-waving scenes](https://www.youtube.com/shorts/PNuntoEJoeA) from the SoFi capped a banner year for Korean pop, following BTS’s World Cup final [halftime performance](https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=E3nWu1VgRJU). Earlier in the year, _Golden_, from KPop Demon Hunters, [collected a Grammy](https://www.netflix.com/tudum/articles/kpop-demon-hunters-grammys-2026), followed by an Academy Awards performance and the Oscar for [best original song](https://www.bmg.com/news/kpop-demon-hunters-golden-wins-best-original-song-at-2026-oscars). Those performances and prizes will have brought smiles to the faces in Seoul’s foreign-policy circles, where there is a keen appreciation for the soft power that K-Pop brings South Korea. In Beijing, it will have led to much gnashing of teeth. For more than a decade, China has looked on with undisguised envy as its Korean neighbor has accumulated soft power through cultural exports. As far back as the 2014 National People’s Congress, the Communist Party heavyweight Wang Qishan [marveled](https://www.scmp.com/comment/insight-opinion/article/1443830/wang-qishan-draws-lesson-craze-korean-drama-chinese-media) at the reach of Korean culture, citing popular TV dramas like _My Love for the Star_ and the breakout dance hit _Gangnam Style_ by Psy, arguably the first K-Pop star to break big worldwide. The interest went beyond public musing: Beijing resolved to learn from Seoul’s example. China’s culture ministry signed an agreement with its South Korean counterpart, providing for annual cultural-industry [forums](https://en.sedaily.com/society/2026/09/08/in-china-forum-marks-10-years-as-key-korea-china-exchange) and [cooperation](https://cc.pacforum.org/2014/01/crying-uncle-no-stark-choices-relations/) in marketing cultural products abroad. But it is one thing for Beijing to study Seoul’s cultural outreach, and quite another to match it. China, despite possessing a vastly larger population, an extensive diaspora, and the [world’s fourth-largest recorded-music market,](https://www.ifpi.org/global-music-report-2026-global-recorded-music-revenues-grow-6-4-as-record-companies-drive-innovation/) has failed to produce a music machine comparable to the international following of the marquee K-Pop acts. And while Taiwan’s Mandarin-language stars and Hong Kong’s Cantopop veterans have their own histories, they haven’t as yet spawned an act as ubiquitous as Blackpink or Stray Kids. The audience Wang wondered about now extends well beyond America and Europe. Blackpink’s leading [Spotify](https://newsroom.spotify.com/2024-08-01/celebrate-8-years-with-blackpink-on-spotify/) markets in 2024 included Indonesia, Mexico, the Philippines, and Brazil, spanning across the Global South, where Beijing has invested [billions](https://www.cfr.org/backgrounders/chinas-big-bet-soft-power) in the pursuit of soft power. These audiences' affection for K-pop reaches across linguistic and political boundaries, giving Seoul a welcome that its diplomats would struggle to arrange. One obvious reason for China’s failure to produce pop stars of global reach is the sheer size of the domestic market. “A concert tour of 10 Chinese cities is probably as big as if they go around the world,” Anthony Fung, professor of journalism and communications at the Chinese University of Hong Kong, [told](https://www.ft.com/content/1df7a8c0-7ba3-4474-958d-c2f03097f2e5?syn-25a6b1a6=1) the _Financial Times_. Why spend years trying to understand Brazilian teenagers when there is so much money to be made in familiar surroundings? Chinese musicians have perfectly sound commercial reasons to focus on the home market, regardless of their government’s geopolitical ambitions. Korean companies, with fewer customers at home, had more reason to take on the risks and costs of finding fans abroad. That incentive would have achieved little without companies willing to adapt to foreign tastes. Korean [agencies](https://ecipe.org/wp-content/uploads/2020/10/Parc-Kim-2020-K-pop-and-digitization.pdf) combined intensive training with production and promotion, recruited performers internationally, and hired foreign songwriters and choreographers. They built acts whose appeal survived the loss of the lyrics. For instance, fans didn’t need to understand Korean to dig Psy’s dance moves. The resulting music would not satisfy a purist’s definition of national, but its borrowings helped it travel: Korea’s entertainment industry learned to please people elsewhere. Those listeners could also help find the next audience. YouTube let fans share performances without waiting for local broadcasters to discover them; viewers could join in by making videos of their own. When _Gangnam Style_ passed a billion views in December 2012, [YouTube reported](https://blog.youtube/news-and-events/ytvev/%29) that it had already drawn at least a million views in nearly 75 countries. Fourteen years later, KPop Demon Hunters shows how much further this can go. The [Sony Pictures Animation film distributed by Netflix](https://www.netflix.com/tudum/articles/kpop-demon-hunters-sequel) made Korean pop culture its selling point. In other words, American businesses now have their own reasons to keep the world interested in Korea. Chinese performers, on the other hand, face greater difficulty getting that circulation started. YouTube and Instagram [are blocked at home](https://freedomhouse.org/country/china/freedom-net/2024), separating their domestic following from the platforms where potential foreign fans congregate. They can release music overseas, of course. But their most enthusiastic supporters cannot pass it along as easily, so a hit on a Chinese platform has further to travel before it reaches a Mexican listener. Beijing’s determination to police what enters the country complicates its ambition to export what comes out. The policing also reaches into the relationship between performers and fans. In 2021, China’s internet authorities abolished online rankings of entertainers and [tightened supervision of fan accounts](https://english.www.gov.cn/statecouncil/ministries/202108/27/content%5FWS61289d9bc6d0df57f98df436.html). Broadcasting regulators banned idol-development shows and demanded political correctness from entertainers, expressing special [disdain for supposedly effeminate men](https://www.sbs.com.au/news/article/china-tells-broadcasters-to-shun-effeminate-and-vulgar-entertainment-artists/85ibt41x4). Some restrictions addressed legitimate concerns about children being induced to overspend. But a state that prescribes acceptable masculinity is doing much more than protecting young consumers: It is claiming jurisdiction over the tastes that pop music exists to indulge. This is an expensive preference for a government seeking friends. Joseph Nye, the political scientist who developed the concept of soft power, [wrote that](https://www.taipeitimes.com/News/editorials/archives/2005/10/22/2003276897) “popular entertainment often contains subtle images and messages about individualism, consumer choice, and other values that have important political effects.” The messages themselves—lyrics about youthful love and angst—needn’t concern foreign policy to help a foreign minister. A country that others around the world have encountered as a source of pleasure has a better chance of receiving a sympathetic hearing when it asks for support. Seoul still needs persuasive policies, but K-pop gives it an advantage over governments whose principal introduction to foreign publics is a dispute or a threat. China itself has supplied a demonstration of how stubborn that affection can be. Beijing’s unofficial [restrictions on Korean entertainment](https://apnews.com/article/61f517d9ca5c468ca5b9bceeb60d5b21), imposed after Seoul agreed to host an American missile-defense system, have not prevented Chinese fans of K-Pop from traveling abroad to see the performers they love. Seoul has good reason to encourage an industry capable of sustaining such loyalties. Chinese officials might point to the Korean government’s [support for entertainment companies](https://digital.car.chula.ac.th/jletters/vol52/iss1/2/) to argue that the state has a useful role in cultural exports, but public assistance doesn’t entitle officials to supervise the relationship with the audience. Foreign listeners bring tastes no ministry can predict, and successful performers need room to accommodate them. China can afford the studios, the training, and the promotion. Its leaders must decide whether they can tolerate a pop star whose first obligation is to please the fans. Meanwhile, back in the US, there is every expectation that K-Pop will continue to break new ground in 2027: BTS and Blackpink feature prominently in speculation about who will perform in [next year’s Super Bowl](https://www.rollingstone.de/super-bowl-2027-miley-cyrus-bts-3098555/) halftime show. The best Chinese officials can hope for is to score tickets to the game. [TIME Ideas](https://www.time.com/ideas) hosts the world's leading voices, providing commentary on events in news, society, and culture. We welcome outside contributions. 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