--- title: What to Know About the Biggest Solar Storm in Over 20 Years description: The planet is experiencing the most powerful solar event since 2003—and it's bringing spectacular Northern Lights. canonical: https://time.com/7353693/solar-storm-2026-what-to-know/ author: Jeffrey Kluger article:opinion: false article:content_tier: free article:published_time: 2026-01-20T21:03:00.000Z article:modified_time: 2026-03-11T00:48:47.109Z article:section: Science og:title: What to Know About the Biggest Solar Storm in Over 20 Years og:description: The planet is experiencing the most powerful solar event since 2003—and it's bringing spectacular Northern Lights. og:url: https://time.com/7353693/solar-storm-2026-what-to-know/ og:site_name: TIME og:image: https://static.time.com/v3/assets/bltea6093859af6183b/blt14b7204007326508/6998ccf547fe51289555c620/GettyImages-2256648266.jpg?branch=production&width=1200&quality=75&auto=webp&crop=16:9 og:image:width: 5878 og:image:height: 3306 og:image:alt: TOPSHOT-FRANCE-WEATHER-ASTRONOMY-AURORA BOREALIS og:type: article twitter:card: summary_large_image twitter:title: What to Know About the Biggest Solar Storm in Over 20 Years twitter:description: The planet is experiencing the most powerful solar event since 2003—and it's bringing spectacular Northern Lights. twitter:image: https://static.time.com/v3/assets/bltea6093859af6183b/blt14b7204007326508/6998ccf547fe51289555c620/GettyImages-2256648266.jpg?branch=production&width=1200&quality=75&auto=webp&crop=16:9 ---  # What to Know About the Biggest Solar Storm to Blast Earth in Over 20 Years > Sponsored content. 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Future Proof is TIME's weekly climate and energy newsletter, written by senior correspondent Justin Worland. It connects the energy transition to the decisions reshaping business, technology, policy and markets. #### Where can I follow the energy transition as a business story? Future Proof covers climate and energy as an economic and business story rather than only an environmental one. It publishes every Friday and is free at time.com/newsletters. #### Who writes Future Proof? Justin Worland, a senior correspondent at TIME and an award-winning climate journalist, writes Future Proof. #### Is Future Proof free? Yes. Future Proof is free at time.com/newsletters.  by [Jeffrey Kluger](https://time.com/author/jeffrey-kluger/)  ## Jeffrey Kluger Editor at Large Jan 20, 2026 9:03 PM UTC  Aurora Borealis, or Northern Lights, are pictured following a powerful sunstorm over Portsall, western France, on Jan. 19, 2026. Aurora Borealis, or Northern Lights, are pictured following a powerful sunstorm over Portsall, western France, on Jan. 19, 2026. AFP—Getty Images  by [Jeffrey Kluger](https://time.com/author/jeffrey-kluger/)  ## Jeffrey Kluger Editor at Large Jan 20, 2026 9:03 PM UTC Solar storms can knock a wired planet sideways, disrupting communication and navigation satellites, power grids, defense systems, data centers, weather forecasting, and more. On Monday afternoon, the sun slugged the Earth with a massive flare, landing its most powerful energetic punch since the [Great Halloween Storm of 2003](https://www.ncei.noaa.gov/news/great-halloween-solar-storm-2003). For the most part, [we got off easy](https://www.space.com/astronomy/sun/sun-erupts-with-powerful-x-class-flare-as-huge-cme-races-toward-earth-impact-possible-within-24-hours), with little infrastructure disruption reported. The biggest impact was actually a lovely impact: the northern lights, usually confined to the polar regions, have been [visible](https://thehill.com/homenews/nexstar%5Fmedia%5Fwire/5695913-strongest-solar-radiation-storm-in-22-years-hits-earth-bringing-northern-lights-and-possible-tech-issues/) across Canada, much of the U.S., and [Europe](https://www.skyatnightmagazine.com/news/aurora-displays-january-2026). The event began at 1:09 p.m. ET on Jan. 18, with observatories around the world [detecting](https://www.esa.int/Space%5FSafety/Space%5Fweather/ESA%5Fmonitoring%5FJanuary%5F2026%5Fspace%5Fweather%5Fevent) what is known as a [coronal mass ejection (CME](https://www.swpc.noaa.gov/phenomena/coronal-mass-ejections#:~:text=Coronal%20Mass%20Ejections%20%28CMEs%29%20are,from%20the%20Sun%20%E2%80%93%20the%20CME.))—an explosive burst of superheated plasma and magnetism from the solar surface. From the jump, the astronomers knew they had spotted a big one. Solar flares are divided into [four categories](https://svs.gsfc.nasa.gov/10109/) according to their strength: B-class, C-class, M-class, and X-class, with B being the least powerful and X the most. [As with earthquakes](https://spacemath.gsfc.nasa.gov/Insight/Insight17.pdf), the scale is logarithmic, so X is 10 times more powerful than M, which is 10 times more powerful than C, which is 10 times more powerful than B. This one was an X. It was headed our way and there was nothing to do but brace for the blow. Earth has suffered worse. Within the M, C, B, and X categories is a more precise 1 to 9 scale, with 1 being the weakest and 9 the most powerful—so a B7, for example, will be stronger than a B3\. The current storm is an [X1.9](https://www.swpc.noaa.gov/news/x19-flare-r3-strong-event). The Oct., 2003 flare [was so powerful](https://svs.gsfc.nasa.gov/10109/) it blew out the detectors, exceeding the 1 to 9 scale and registering a whopping X17 before the instruments failed. Whatever a storm’s score, when it's spotted, the [National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration](https://www.noaa.gov/) leaps into action—specifically its wonderfully named [Space Weather Prediction Center](https://www.swpc.noaa.gov/) (SWPC). The SWPC has a scale too, with [solar storms ranked](https://www.swpc.noaa.gov/noaa-scales-explanation) on a 1 to 5 scale from minor to moderate to strong to severe to extreme. Minor storms have a minimal impact on power grids, satellites, and other infrastructure. The most pronounced effect of a minor storm is on migratory animals, which use the Earth’s magnetic fields as an internal GPS and can be thrown off track when the solar magnetism hits. Northern lights may be visible as far south as Michigan. An extreme storm, category 5, can cause voltage control problems in power grids—if it doesn’t cause the grid to collapse completely. Satellites can lose their orientation, suffer uplink and downlink problems, and experience electrical charging across their surface. Aurorae can be seen as far south as Texas and Florida. This week’s flare was not quite as powerful, weighing in as category 4, or severe, potentially causing power grid and satellite disruption, but less than a category 5 causes. Aurorae were seen in northern California and the Alabama and Mississippi region. The first humans touched by any solar storm are those not living on the surface of the Earth. [Since 2000, the International Space Station](https://www.nasa.gov/centers-and-facilities/johnson/the-international-space-station-marks-25-years-of-continuous-human-presence/) has been continuously occupied by rotating crews of astronauts and cosmonauts. In the event of a coming solar storm, they train to take shelter in the two most heavily shielded of the station’s 16 habitable components—the American Destiny module and Russia’s Zvezda—and with good reason. Cosmic radiation may increase the risk of [a range of ill-effects](https://www.nasa.gov/missions/analog-field-testing/why-space-radiation-matters/) including cancer, cataracts, and neurodegenerative disease. [The astronauts followed those precautions](https://gulfnews.com/world/sun-unleashes-most-powerful-solar-radiation-storm-in-over-20-years-1.500414360#:~:text=For%20astronauts%20aboard%20the%20International,into%20a%20cosmic%20storm%20shelter.) this week. Other earthly assets [are protected in other ways](https://www.nesdis.noaa.gov/news/safeguarding-satellites-how-noaa-monitors-space-weather-prevent-disruptions#:~:text=Satellite%20Industry:,damaging%20transformers%20and%20other%20components.). Satellites are put into safe mode, with only power, navigation, and communications systems left operating, and everything else shut down till the storm passes; airlines avoid polar routes, which are exposed to more incoming radiation; [grid operators](https://www.wapa.gov/protecting-the-grid-from-solar-storms/#:~:text=These%20paths%20include%20a%20solidly,sneaking%20onto%20the%20transmission%20system.) reduce load, and rely on protective systems that block so-called geomagnetically induced currents (GIC). When the gale from the sun reached the Earth at 2:20 p.m. ET on Jan. 19—or 25 hours after the CME erupted—all of these systems held and only minor disruptions were reported. The wave-front from the sun is still washing over the Earth, but is expected to dissipate over the next day, [dropping to a scale 1](https://www.nytimes.com/2026/01/19/weather/northern-lights.html) event by Jan. 21. The aurorae, meantime, will linger. NOAA has yet another scale, the [K index](https://www.swpc.noaa.gov/content/tips-viewing-aurora), which measures how far from the poles the lights will be visible following a solar storm. The scale runs from 1 to 9; this storm [scores an 8](https://www.usatoday.com/story/news/nation/2026/01/20/northern-lights-tonight-forecast/88261584007/), meaning that fully 27 states across the U.S. will experience a light show. The moon, meantime, is cooperating, with only the tiniest sliver visible, providing a very dark sky, which enhances the aurora. 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