--- title: History Exposes the Flaw in RFK Jr.'s Drug Treatment Plan description: Kennedy wants to create "wellness drug rehabilitation farms." But the U.S. tried it before, and it didn't work. canonical: https://time.com/7204692/rfk-wellness-drug-rehab-farms-history/ author: TIME article:opinion: false article:content_tier: free article:published_time: 2025-01-30T18:42:00.000Z article:modified_time: 2026-08-04T07:43:00.264Z article:section: History og:title: History Exposes the Flaw in RFK Jr.'s Drug Treatment Plan og:description: Kennedy wants to create "wellness drug rehabilitation farms." But the U.S. tried it before, and it didn't work. og:url: https://time.com/7204692/rfk-wellness-drug-rehab-farms-history/ og:site_name: TIME og:image: https://static.time.com/v3/assets/bltea6093859af6183b/blt2315a82a5265112b/6998b246e2d64b17c2c5d14d/methadone.jpg?branch=production&width=1024&quality=75&auto=webp&crop=16:9 og:image:width: 1024 og:image:height: 576 og:image:alt: Methadone clinic og:type: article twitter:card: summary_large_image twitter:title: History Exposes the Flaw in RFK Jr.'s Drug Treatment Plan twitter:description: Kennedy wants to create "wellness drug rehabilitation farms." But the U.S. tried it before, and it didn't work. twitter:image: https://static.time.com/v3/assets/bltea6093859af6183b/blt2315a82a5265112b/6998b246e2d64b17c2c5d14d/methadone.jpg?branch=production&width=1024&quality=75&auto=webp&crop=16:9 ---  # History Exposes a Crucial Flaw in RFK Jr.'s Vision for Treating Drug Addiction > Sponsored content. Supplied in partnership with TIME. 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They are at time.com/newsletters and are separate from a paid subscription. ### Sources * TIME Newsletters: [time.com/newsletters](/c/time-sub-2026q3/newsletters?i=c6aa3f43-a5d6-4df7-a373-01ad4f0af9c2&cr=time-sub-2026q3-v1) * TIME Subscriptions: [time.com/subscribe-agent](/c/time-sub-2026q3/subscribe?i=c6aa3f43-a5d6-4df7-a373-01ad4f0af9c2&cr=time-sub-2026q3-v1) ## Video: RFK Jr. Grilled on Vaccines in Contentious Senate Hearing [Watch (HLS stream): RFK Jr. Grilled on Vaccines in Contentious Senate Hearing](https://cdn.jwplayer.com/manifests/2fqRpYmV.m3u8) (8:33)  _Published 2025-01-29. Robert F. Kennedy Jr. was grilled by Senators in his first confirmation hearing for Secretary of Health and Human Services (HHS) on Wednesday, during which he struggled to convince lawmakers that he is not “anti-vaccine” and appeared unfamiliar with key aspects of healthcare insurance programs and other policies he would oversee._ by [Melody Glenn / Made by History](https://time.com/author/made-by-history/) ## Melody Glenn / Made by History Jan 30, 2025 6:42 PM UTC  A nurse gives medication to a patient at a methadone clinic in 1986. A nurse gives medication to a patient at a methadone clinic in 1986. Jeffrey Markowitz—The Washington Post via Getty Images by [Melody Glenn / Made by History](https://time.com/author/made-by-history/) ## Melody Glenn / Made by History Jan 30, 2025 6:42 PM UTC In July 2024, Donald Trump’s Health and Human Services Secretary designee, Robert F. Kennedy Jr., participated in a [virtual event](https://youtu.be/c10sdjGTjkY?si=fpSs4-NcFyxVf7cm) in which he briefly outlined his plan to address the country’s opioid epidemic: free people incarcerated for nonviolent drug offenses, expunge their records so they can get jobs, legalize marijuana, and replace rural prisons with “wellness drug rehabilitation farms.” There were positive elements of the plan, such as managing addiction as a disease in need of treatment instead of a crime deserving punishment. Additionally, Kennedy’s past history of substance use and recovery gave him a perspective too often missing from drug policy discussions. Yet, his proposal for wellness farms (which Kennedy [indicated during his first confirmation hearing](https://www.nytimes.com/live/2025/01/29/us/rfk-jr-health-senate-hearing) would be voluntary) has a critical flaw: the U.S. tried something similar in the 1930s with little success. Out of that experience, however, came a critical innovation: methadone maintenance, a drug treatment with a much better track record. Although this medication gets a [bad rap](https://stateline.org/2016/11/11/in-opioid-epidemic-prejudice-persists-against-methadone/) because of stigma that has been around since its inception, history reveals that it is far more likely to be effective than wellness farms. In 1935, the [Federal U.S. Narcotic Farm](https://www.kentuckypress.com/9781949669244/the-narcotic-farm/) opened in Lexington, Ky., holding anywhere from 1,000 to 1,500 patients at a time. With the country divided over whether addiction was a disease or a crime, Narco, as the farm was known, was jointly managed by the Public Health Service and the Bureau of Prisons. Its mission was threefold: to incarcerate, rehabilitate, and study people addicted to drugs. Narco was unlike a typical prison. As part of their rehabilitation, patients were encouraged to take advantage of one of the farm’s many music studios or even to perform on the stage of its 1,300-seat theater. Back then, jazz and heroin often went side by side, and Chet Baker, Elvin Jones, Stan Levey, Jackie McLean, Red Rodney, Sonny Rollins,⁠ and many other famous jazz musicians all did time at Narco. In New York, Narco was spoken of as if it were an elite jazz workshop, and some musicians even lied about having a heroin habit just so they could check in and study from the greats. **_Read More:_** [The Conspirituality of Robert F. Kennedy Jr.](https://time.com/6292191/robert-f-kennedy-jr-conspiracy-theory-vaccines-essay/) Narco’s model also included “therapeutic labor” on the institution’s sprawling farm, where men from the city learned how to milk cows and grow kale in an idyllic setting: rolling green fields, silos, dairy barns, tomato crops, and cows grazing in the clover. While they attempted to rehabilitate the farm’s patients, Narco scientists also saw them as the perfect subjects for drug addiction research and a locked environment as the ideal setting.⁠ That led them to conduct the [first-large scale trial ](https://jamanetwork.com/journals/jama/article-abstract/297711)of methadone, a newly approved opioid in 1948\. Narco’s scientists doubted pharmaceutical giant Eli Lilly’s marketing, which claimed that the drug could be a highly effective, non-addictive, long-acting painkiller. With the help of 115 men who had been addicted to morphine, the Narco trial proved that methadone did, in fact, cause dependence. Yet, this didn’t stop Narco doctors from beginning to use methadone in their standard detox protocol instead of morphine, probably because it lasted longer than the alternatives and didn’t cause a high. That introduced Dr. Marie Nyswander, one of the clinicians at Narco, to the drug. When a patient arrived addicted to heroin, Nyswander would carefully [switch him over to methadone](https://jamanetwork.com/journals/jama/article-abstract/302451), gradually decreasing the dose over the course of two weeks until he was no longer taking any opioids at all. The process was known as “Medicated detox” At the time, [abstinence-based therapy](https://news.yale.edu/2023/12/19/treating-opioid-disorder-without-meds-more-harmful-no-treatment-all) was the name of the game — the goal was to get all Narco patients off all opioids. For all Narco’s promise, however, its methods simply didn’t work; 90% of patients relapsed after leaving the controlled environment of the farm. Nyswander observed this with her own patients: Narco’s therapeutic model could get them off heroin, but it couldn't keep them from relapsing within “one to twenty-four hours” after they left the drug-free environment. Engaging in talk therapy, participating in Addicts Anonymous meetings, playing music, working on the farm, and eating fresh, home-grown food simply was not enough to cure people of addiction. The poor success rate she witnessed at Narco helped motivate Nyswander to look for other solutions to addiction. After she finished her year-long stint at the farm, she began her psychiatry residency and quickly became one of the country’s most prominent addiction physicians. But as her patients continued to die, she knew it was time to try something beyond Narco, psychoanalysis, and Narcotics Anonymous. So when Dr. Vincent Dole, a leading metabolic researcher, asked her to join his lab in 1962 at the Rockefeller Institute to study a new idea — maintenance therapy — she jumped at the chance. Maintenance therapy differed from “Medicated detox,” because instead of aiming to get a patient off of methadone within weeks, it kept a patient on the less dangerous opioid for a far longer period — sometimes years. Many doctors found the idea to be heretical; they believed that once someone got through the grueling pains of detox, they would be forever cured of addiction. But Nyswander had seen that this loadstar just wasn’t true. Continued sobriety seemed to be the hardest part of recovery. Maintenance therapy also fell into a legal grey area, most practitioners considering it illegal since the 1919 Supreme Court decision in [_Webb v. United States_](https://supreme.justia.com/cases/federal/us/249/96/), which held that maintenance treatment was not "in the course of professional treatment," as it did not offer a "cure." But Nyswander and Dole so believed in the potential of this treatment that they were willing to take the legal risk. In 1965, they published their ground-breaking [results](https://jamanetwork.com/journals/jama/article-abstract/656315) in the _Journal of the American Medical Association_, showing that methadone reduced heroin cravings and allowed patients to return to school, work, and their families. [Some scientists](https://jamanetwork.com/journals/jama/article-abstract/1719708) considered the breakthrough from Nyswander and Dole to be as monumental as the discovery of penicillin. Finally, they had found a treatment that worked. Instead of suggesting an opioid-free existence, they were aiming for something more achievable: a normal life free of illicit drugs, with the help of a daily medication. **_Read More:_** [The Unique Challenges of the Fentanyl Epidemic](https://time.com/6269011/fentanyl-overdose-unique-challenges/) However, methadone maintenance was deeply controversial. Although methadone benefited from a brief period of political support from the Nixon Administration in the 1970s, it very quickly came under fire: conservatives thought it was a dangerous drug, liberals thought it side-stepped the root causes of addiction, the Black community saw it as a form of government control, and families did not want methadone clinics in their neighborhoods. Even today, many in the recovery community still distrust methadone, seeing it “[trading one drug for another](https://www.statnews.com/2024/11/12/opioid-addiction-recovery-narcotics-anonymous-salvation-army/),” despite evidence showing that methadone and its sister medication are [highly effective](https://thennt.com/nnt/aspirin-for-cardiovascular-prevention-after-prior-heart-attack-or-stroke/). As a result, while methadone can get Americans off of more dangerous and disruptive drugs, it remains one of most [heavily regulated medications](https://yaledailynews.com/blog/2024/10/06/restrictions-on-methadone-the-most-regulated-therapeutic-drug-in-the-country-reduced/%23:~:text=Prior%25252520to%25252520the%25252520updated%25252520federal,of%25252520withdrawal%2525252C%25252520cravings%25252520and%25252520overdose.) in America. And so, less than [two percent](https://www.annfammed.org/content/13/1/23) of physicians prescribe what could be a life saving medication, and [less than half the country](https://www.everycrsreport.com/files/20190624%5FR45782%5Fed39091fadf888655ebd69729c3180c3f7e550f6.pdf) has access to a clinic. That’s the situation that Kennedy may confront, if he’s confirmed by the Senate.  Speaking on “Latino Capitalist” in July, he laid out his vision: “I’m going to dedicate that revenue to creating wellness farms — drug rehabilitation farms — in rural areas all over this country.” He plans to replace the burgeoning rural prison industry with these farms, where people with drug addictions can go for free, and learn to grow their own “organic food, high-quality food.” Kennedy believes that will help, "because a lot of the behavioral issues are food-related.” Kennedy correctly recognizes the problems plaguing millions of Americans and understands that addiction is an illness. He’s also right that community involvement and connection are keys in successful treatment. But what he’s proposing is to create a score of Narcos. And what we know from the original is that such treatment farms don’t work. What does work, however, is methadone maintenance. It’s much cheaper and much more effective than repeating the mistakes of the past. _Dr._ [_Melody Glenn_](https://urldefense.com/v3/%5F%5Fhttps://www.drmelodyglenn.com/%5F%5F;!!IBzWLUs!TLA3EDZoHiRWMKxiE2cOjCuUoo20sXkrjtn%5Fz-3W3puaO2nWeHfwMWn0LR4UdVXN958HMPjb7JJrHi86p%5FaqcfTGj-Y$) _is a physician at the University of Arizona College of Medicine Tucson and an author whose first book,_ [Mother of Methadone](https://urldefense.com/v3/%5F%5Fhttps://www.barnesandnoble.com/w/mother-of-methadone-melody-glenn-md/1146455293%5F%5F;!!IBzWLUs!TLA3EDZoHiRWMKxiE2cOjCuUoo20sXkrjtn%5Fz-3W3puaO2nWeHfwMWn0LR4UdVXN958HMPjb7JJrHi86p%5FaqVkqdGMk$)_,_ _is forthcoming from Beacon Press in Summer 2025._ _Made by History takes readers beyond the headlines with articles written and edited by professional historians._ [_Learn more about Made by History at TIME here_](https://time.com/6317798/introducing-made-by-history-for-time/)_. Opinions expressed do not necessarily reflect the views of TIME editors._ ## Transcript Chairman, Ranking Member Wyden and members of this distinguished committee. I'm humbled to be sitting here today as President Trump's nominee to oversee the US Department of Health and Human Services. I want to thank President Trump for entrusting me to deliver on his promise to make America wealthy again. I also want to thank Cheryl and Kick and Bobby and all of my other children who are here today, and all the many members of my large extended family for the love that they have so generously shared. Ours has always been a family that has been involved in public service, and I look forward to continuing that tradition. Before I conclude, I want to make sure the committee is clear about a few things. News reports have claimed that I'm anti vaccine or any industry. I am neither. I am pro safety. No harm. We'll have order. Please proceed, Mr. Kennedy. I am pro safety. I worked for years to raise awareness about the mercury and toxic chemicals in fish. And nobody called me any fish. And I believe that my that vaccines play a critical role in health care. All of my kids are vaccinated. I've read many books on vaccines. My first book in 2014, the first line of it is I am not anti-vaccine. And the last line is I am not anti-vaccine, nor am I the enemy of food producers. American farmers are the bedrock of our culture, of our politics, of our national security, Mr. Kennedy. All of these things cannot be true. So are you lying to Congress today when you say you are pro pro-vaccine or did you lie on all those podcasts? He asked me, are there vaccines that are safe and effective? And I said to him, some of the live virus vaccines are. And I said, there are no vaccines that are safe and effective. And I was going to continue for every person, every medicine has people who are sensitive to them, including vaccines. So he interrupted me at that point. I've corrected it many times, including on national TV. You know about this, Senator Biden. So bring this up right now is dishonest. Let's be clear about what you've actually done then, since you want to deny your statements. For example, you have a history of trying to take vaccines away from people. In May of 2021, you petitioned the Food and Drug Administration to not only block Americans from having access to the Covid vaccine, but to prevent any future access to the life saving vaccine. Are you denying that your name is on the petition. We brought that petition after the CDC recommended the Covid vaccine without any scientific basis or six year old children. Most experts agree today, even the people who did it back then at Covid, vaccines are inappropriate for six year old children who basically have a zero risk from Covid. That's why I brought that lawsuit. I don't want to I want to emphasize. The. Fact I don't. Know the facts. The fact. That the committee will be in order. The nominee wrote a book saying that people had been misled into believing that measles is a deadly disease. He's trying now to play down his role in Samoa. That's not what the parents say. That's not what Governor Green says. It's time to make sure that we blow the whistle on actually what your views are. At least we're starting. We need to move on. I support the measles vaccine. I support the polio vaccine. I will do nothing as HHS Secretary that makes it difficult or discourages people from taking any. Anybody who believes that ought to look at the measles book you wrote saying parents have been misled into believing that measles is a deadly disease. That's not true. So I'm asking you, yes or no? Mr. Kennedy, did you say that Covid 19 was a genetically engineered bioweapon that targets black and white people, but spared Ashkenazi Jews and Chinese people? I didn't say it was deliberately targeted. I just I just quoted an NIH funded and NIH published study. Did you say that it targets black and white people but spared Ashkenazi Jews? You quoted a study. Your honor, I quoted an NIH study that showed that. I'll take that as a yes. I have to move on. Mr.. I have to move on. Did you say that Lyme disease is a It is highly likely a materially engineered bioweapon. I made sure I put in the highly likely. Did you say Lyme disease is a highly likely militarily engineered bioweapon? I probably did say that. Did you say that? That's what. The developer. Of. I want all of our colleagues to hear it. Mr. Kennedy, I want them to hear it. You said yes. Did you say that exposure to pesticides causes children to become transgender? No, I never said that. Okay, I have the record that I'll give to the chairman, and he can make his judgment about what you said. Did you write in your book? And I. It's undeniable that African American African Aids is an entirely different disease from Western Aids. Yes or no, Mr. Kennedy? I'm not sure if I may. Okay. I'll give it to the chairman. Mr.. Mr. Kennedy, and my final question. Did you say on a podcast, and I quote, I wouldn't leave it abortion to the States. My belief is we should leave it to the woman. We shouldn't have the government involved, even if it's full term. Did you say that, Mr. Kennedy? Senator, I believe that every abortion is a tragedy. Did you say it, Mr. Kennedy? This matters. It doesn't matter what you come here and say that isn't true. That's not reflective of what you really believe that you haven't said over a decade after decade after decade. Because unlike other jobs, we're confirming around this place, this is a job where it is life and death. For the kids that I used to work for in the Denver Public Schools and for families all over this country that are suffering from living in the richest country of the world, that can't deliver basic health care and basic mental health care to them. It's too important for the games that you're playing, Mr. Kennedy. And I hope my colleagues will say to the president, I have no influence over him. I hope my colleagues will say to the president, out of 330 million Americans, we can do better than this. Thank you. We need to move on. But you also said we need to trust the women to make that choice. Because I don't trust government to make any choices. You said that too, right? Yes. It is remarkable that you have such a long record of fighting for women's reproductive freedom. And really great that my Republican colleagues are so open to voting for a pro-choice HHS secretary. So, Mr. Kennedy, I'm confused. You have clearly stated in the past that bodily autonomy is one of your core values. The question is, do you stand for that value or not? When was it that you decided to sell out the values you had your whole life in order to be given power by President Trump? Senator, I agree with President Trump that every abortion is a tragedy, that we can't be a moral authority in this country. Right. So but that isn't what you said back in New Hampshire in 2023. My question is, exactly when did you decide to sell out your life's work and values to get this position? 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