--- title: Historians Pick 9 Women From U.S. History You Should Know description: From a pioneering cancer doctor to a fighter for Cuban liberation canonical: https://time.com/5786065/womens-history-month-women-to-know/ author: Olivia B. Waxman article:opinion: false article:content_tier: free article:published_time: 2020-03-06T16:00:20.000Z article:modified_time: 2026-10-14T08:54:19.970Z article:section: History og:title: Historians Pick 9 Women From U.S. History You Should Know og:description: From a pioneering cancer doctor to a fighter for Cuban liberation og:url: https://time.com/5786065/womens-history-month-women-to-know/ og:site_name: TIME og:image: https://static.time.com/v3/assets/bltea6093859af6183b/bltd20e0db0b730d9e8/698a0b1e011682fdaf97f149/laura-cornelius-kellogg.jpg?branch=production&width=1200&quality=75&auto=webp&crop=16:9 og:image:width: 1881 og:image:height: 1058 og:image:alt: Laura Cornelius Kellogg og:type: article twitter:card: summary_large_image twitter:title: Historians Pick 9 Women From U.S. History You Should Know twitter:description: From a pioneering cancer doctor to a fighter for Cuban liberation twitter:image: https://static.time.com/v3/assets/bltea6093859af6183b/bltd20e0db0b730d9e8/698a0b1e011682fdaf97f149/laura-cornelius-kellogg.jpg?branch=production&width=1200&quality=75&auto=webp&crop=16:9 ---  # 9 Women From American History You Should Know, According to Historians > Sponsored content. 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They are at time.com/newsletters and are separate from a paid subscription. ### Sources * TIME Newsletters: [time.com/newsletters](/c/time-sub-2026q3/newsletters?i=25901216-fd5a-4c60-92b9-b8a463e1c899&cr=time-sub-2026q3-v1) * TIME Subscriptions: [time.com/subscribe-agent](/c/time-sub-2026q3/subscribe?i=25901216-fd5a-4c60-92b9-b8a463e1c899&cr=time-sub-2026q3-v1) ## Video: The History You Didn't Learn: Victoria Woodhull and the Free Love Movement [Watch (HLS stream): The History You Didn't Learn: Victoria Woodhull and the Free Love Movement](https://cdn.jwplayer.com/manifests/ieEgDEpH.m3u8) (7:43)  _Published 2021-10-29. The freedom to love who you want to love, without government interference, might seem like a relatively new thing, but the push for this ideal goes as far back as the 19th century-- with Victoria Woodhull and the Free Love Movement._  by [Olivia B. Waxman](https://time.com/author/olivia-b-waxman/)  ## Olivia B. Waxman Staff Writer Mar 6, 2020 4:00 PM UTC The freedom to love who you want to love, without government interference, might seem like a relatively new thing, but the push for this ideal goes as far back as the 19th century-- with Victoria Woodhull and the Free Love Movement.  by [Olivia B. Waxman](https://time.com/author/olivia-b-waxman/)  ## Olivia B. Waxman Staff Writer Mar 6, 2020 4:00 PM UTC _With Women’s History Month underway and_ [_International Women’s Day_](https://time.com/5187268/international-womens-day-history/) _approaching on March 8, classrooms and museums across the United States will be focusing on famous women who shaped the world we live in. But not everyone who did so has gotten the recognition she deserved. This week, TIME is telling the stories of_ [_women who might have earned the title Person of the Year_](https://time.com/100-women-of-the-year/) _— a century’s worth of the women who most shaped each year, for good or for ill._ _In addition, to shed light on other lesser-known female history-makers, we asked historians to name a woman from the American past whose story should be better known. Here are their picks._ ## Emilia Casanova de Villaverde  Portrait of Emilia Casanova de Villaverde, 1874. The New York Public Library Emilia Casanova de Villaverde is known as a patriot in Cuba, but lived most of her life in New York City. An ardent abolitionist and activist leader, she supported Cuba’s independence from Spain during the last half of the 19th century. As the [Ten Years’ War](https://www.pbs.org/crucible/tl1.html) (1868-1878) raged in Cuba, she formed the first women’s club, La Liga de las Hijas de Cuba, to raise funds and sustain the elderly, the widows and orphans who took refuge from the war in New York. She addressed the Congress of the United States about Cuba’s situation, and on several occasions personally sought the aid of President Ulysses S. Grant. From her baronial coastal mansion in the South Bronx, where a network of vaults concealed the crates of munitions Emilia collected for the liberation army, she organized numerous clandestine expeditions to Cuba. Denounced in the conservative press, ridiculed in political cartoons, and burned in effigy in her hometown, she continued to form women’s clubs for the cause until her death in 1897 — the year before the [Spanish-Cuban-American War](https://amhistory.si.edu/militaryhistory/printable/section.asp?id=7) would change the course of history for Cuba and Puerto Rico. _—Virginia Sanchez Korrol, co-editor of_ Latinas in the United States: A Historical Encyclopedia _with Vicki L. Ruiz, and Professor Emerita at Brooklyn College, City University of New York_ ## Mary Ware Dennett  Mary Ware Dennett at home on March 3, 1930. Bettmann Archive—Getty Images She was an artist, suffragist, birth-control reformer and anti-war advocate. She began her reform career at the National American Woman Suffrage Association where she served as literature coordinator and wrote a number of influential essays for the movement. In 1915, she founded the first birth control organization in the United States, the National Birth Control League (later renamed the Voluntary Parenthood League). She and Margaret Sanger were the leaders of the birth-control reform movement in the 1920s, but her vision of legalizing birth control for everyone who wanted to use it was much more expansive than Sanger’s. Sanger wanted to ensure that birth control remained under the control of physicians and thought medicalizing it was the best path for social acceptance. She successfully [quashed](https://www.nyu.edu/projects/sanger/aboutms/organization%5Fabcl.php) Dennett’s vision — birth control as a fundamental right — and today, we know Sanger and not Dennett as a “reproductive rights leader.” But it is interesting to think about how our understanding of contraception and reproductive rights might be different had Dennett prevailed. —_Lauren MacIvor Thompson, author of_ Battle for Birth Control: Mary Dennett, Margaret Sanger, and the Rivalry That Shaped a Movement _and faculty fellow at the Center for Law, Health & Society at Georgia State University_ ## Dorothea Dix  A circa 1868 portrait of Dorothea Dix. Three Lions—Getty Images A history-making woman I’m trying to know better is [Dorothea Dix](https://www.womenshistory.org/education-resources/biographies/dorothea-dix) (1802-1887). The white Bostonian became internationally known for her activism on behalf of asylum and prison reform, and later leader of Union nurses during the Civil War. She traveled tens of thousands of miles, almost always alone, inspecting prisons, jails, poorhouses and almshouses. The conditions she conveyed in her numerous exposés were horrendous. Local officials purportedly shook with fear when she showed up on their doorsteps demanding admittance. Due to her efforts, every state in the ever-expanding United States allocated land, money and legislative attention to the creation and improvement of insane asylums. Yet despite working with prominent male abolitionists, she remained explicitly racist and resisted abolitionism. The denial of the rights of the institutionalized, the overwhelming ability of husbands to institutionalize their wives as insane, the inequalities of racially segregated asylums, and the published exposés of ex-asylum inmates who sought to bring attention to asylum abuses simply did not exist and/or did not matter in Dix’s world. Like all of us, she’s a bundle of contradictions — but unlike most of us, her contradictions had impact. —_Kim E. Nielsen, author of_ A Disability History of the United States _and Professor of Disability Studies, History, and Women’s & Gender Studies at the University of Toledo_ [_Get your history fix in one place: sign up for the weekly TIME History newsletter_](http://time.com/newsletter-history) ## Claudia Jones  Trinidad-born journalist and activist Claudia Jones at the Brixton, London, offices of the newspaper she founded, The West Indian Gazette in 1962. FPG/Archive Photos—Getty Images [Claudia Jones](https://www.dukeupress.edu/left-of-karl-marx) was one of the most influential black radical and feminist intellectuals of the 20th century. Born in Trinidad in 1915, Jones migrated to Harlem during the 1920s and became an active member of the Communist Party. A gifted writer and journalist, Jones worked to broaden Marxist theory by centering women, gender and race_._ Her groundbreaking article, “[An End to the Neglect of the Problems of the Negro Woman](http://ucf.digital.flvc.org/islandora/object/ucf%3A4865),” published in 1949, emphasized the triple oppression of race, class, and gender—laying the foundation for what Kimberlé Crenshaw later termed [intersectionality](https://www.law.columbia.edu/pt-br/news/2017/06/kimberle-crenshaw-intersectionality). –_Keisha N. Blain, an Associate Professor of History at the University of Pittsburgh and President of the African American Intellectual History Society and a W.E.B. Du Bois Fellow at Harvard University_ ## Laura Cornelius Kellogg  Laura Cornelius Kellogg History and Art Collection—Alamy Laura Cornelius Kellogg was an Oneida activist, author, orator and policy reformer, and she was one of the founding members of the [Society of American Indians](https://www.americanindianmagazine.org/story/four-american-indian-heroes-youve-never-heard) (SAI) in 1911\. SAI was the first national American Indian rights organization run by and for American Indians. Other organizations believed that total assimilation into American society was the only way to “save” the Indians, but many Progressive Era Indians and members of SAI fought to preserve Native rights and sovereignty. Kellogg was an advocate against increasingly stringent federal Indian policies that, among other things, sent Native children to boarding schools and sought to eradicate Native languages, cultures, and political, economic and social systems. Kellogg left a controversial legacy — one contemporary called her a “cyclone,” while another called her “a woman of brilliance” — but hers is a fascinating story of a Native woman in the late 19th and early 20th centuries. _—Katrina Phillips, assistant professor of history at Macalester College and an enrolled member of the Red Cliff Band of Lake Superior Ojibwe_ ## Mary Tape  An 1884 portrait of the Tape family, including Joseph Tape, Emily Tape, Frank Tape, Mamie Tape, and Mary Tape. Smith Collection/Gado—Getty Images Little is known of Mary Tape’s life in China. In 1868, the 11-year-old Mary immigrates to the United States and ends up as a servant in a brothel in San Francisco. She runs away and takes shelter at the Ladies’ Protection and Relief Society, where she is raised and takes the name of[ Mary McGladery](https://books.google.com/books?id=IhGYIbl69mAC&pg=PA22&lpg=PA22&dq=%22Mary+McGladery%22&source=bl&ots=cS1GGF1vGO&sig=ACfU3U3c76yF9CL-%5FrVw2JVRMWpjsn8Z2g&hl=en&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwiNg8KeoYHoAhWMnOAKHT2KCxUQ6AEwEXoECAoQAQ#v=onepage&q=%22Mary%20McGladery%22&f=false). One day Mary meets another young Chinese immigrant, a boy who drives a milk wagon and calls himself Joseph Tape. They marry, and the ambitious Joseph establishes his own prosperous transportation and immigration brokering business. But the Tapes’ wealth cannot inoculate them from racial discrimination during this time of anti-Chinese exclusion and racial hostility. In 1884, their daughter Mamie is denied admission to a local school because she is Chinese. Mary Tape is incensed. She writes a an impassioned letter and the Tapes sue the principal and the San Francisco Board of Education. They win the landmark case[ _Tape v. Hurley_](http://chineseamerican.nyhistory.org/we-have-always-lived-as-americans/), which guarantees Chinese children the right to a public school education. However, Mamie never enrolls at her local school. After the court decision, the school district builds a Chinese Primary School, “suitable for Mongolian children.” The Tape case and the state’s reaction foreshadows the “separate but equal” doctrine soon to become law in the 1896 decision _Plessy v. Ferguson._ —_Renee Tajima-Peña, Series Producer of the upcoming PBS series_ Asian Americans and a _Professor of Asian American Studies at the University of California, Los Angeles_ ## Mamie Till-Bradley  Mamie Till-Bradley, mother of lynched teenager Emmett Till, cries as she recounts her son's death on Oct. 22, 1955, in Washington D.C. Afro American Newspapers/Gado—Getty Images [Photos](https://nam02.safelinks.protection.outlook.com/?url=http%3A%2F%2F100photos.time.com%2Fphotos%2Femmett-till-david-jackson&data=02%7C01%7Ckali.gross%40rutgers.edu%7C54aaf20161004c0fdef808d7ba446311%7Cb92d2b234d35447093ff69aca6632ffe%7C1%7C0%7C637182675194662387&sdata=dg6j3WrBnEKDhbnhdxGYZZLFag0k8OWRbgv47wEWRms%3D&reserved=0) of the badly disfigured corpse of Emmett Till — the Chicago 14-year-old lynched while visiting family in Mississippi in August 1955 — rocked the globe, but we wouldn’t have seen any of those images if his mother hadn’t insisted on an open-casket funeral for him. She was an everyday black woman who had been confronted with this horrific tragedy, and made a crucial decision that helped to set off this movement. She had to go through so many hurdles, calling on politicians to help her re-claim his body; they were ready to just quickly bury her son to cover the whole thing up, but she wanted to expose the brutality. Emmett Till’s death and those images were a spark that finally set the civil rights movement ablaze. In spite of death threats, Mamie Till-Bradley then went on a speaking tour to raise awareness about her son’s death. Even after they are denied justice — Till’s killers were acquitted — she continued to be an activist. —_Kali Nicole Gross, Martin Luther King, Jr. Professor of History at Rutgers University and co-author of_ A Black Women’s History of the United States with Daina Ramey Berry. ## Maggie Lena Walker  Maggie L. Walker, standing in the parlor of her home. National Park Service Museum Collections [Maggie Lena Walker](https://history.princeton.edu/news-events/news/qa-shennette-garrett-scott-2016-2017-davis-center-fellow) played an important role in making Richmond the cradle of black capitalism in the late 19th and early 20th centuries. Walker is best known as the first black woman bank president in the United States. She organized and led the St. Luke Penny Savings Bank from its founding in 1903 to her death in 1934\. The bank was part of her vision for the Independent Order of St. Luke, a secret society founded in the 1850s by a free woman of color. The IOSL and St. Luke Bank formed the foundation of a financial powerhouse that, at its height in the 1920s, provided financial services to 100,000 members and others in more than 20 states. Before the Great Depression, the IOSL was arguably the largest employer of professional, white-collar black women in the country. Walker battled public misfortune and private pain in a life lived in the public eye. In 2017, the city of Richmond dedicated a memorial statue of Walker on Broad Street. Walker’s memory endures as a staunch crusader for black economic and political rights, especially for black women. —_Shennette M. Garrett-Scott, Associate Professor of History and African American Studies at the University of Mississippi and author of_ Banking on Freedom: Black Women in U.S. Finance Before the New Deal ## Jane Cooke Wright  A photo in the Dec. 24, 1956, issue of LIFE magazine shows Dr. Jane Wright (L), head of cancer research, examining a patient at the Manhattan hospital Bellevue. Margaret Bourke-White/The LIFE Picture Collection—Getty Images A physician and researcher, [Jane Cooke Wright](https://cfmedicine.nlm.nih.gov/physicians/biography%5F336.html/) is credited as having been among the cancer researchers to discover chemotherapy. She was the daughter and granddaughter of African American physicians. In 1964, Wright was the only woman among seven physicians who helped to found the American Society of Clinical Oncology, and in 1971, she was the first woman elected president of the New York Cancer Society. Wright was appointed associate dean and head of the Cancer Chemotherapy Department at New York Medical College in 1967, apparently the highest ranked African American physician at a prominent medical college at the time, and certainly the highest ranked African American woman physician. She was appointed by President Lyndon B. Johnson to serve on the National Cancer Advisory Board (aka the National Cancer Advisory Council) from 1966 to 1970 and the President’s Commission on Heart Disease, Cancer, and Stroke from 1964 to 1965. _—Martha S. Jones, the Society of Black Alumni Presidential Professor and Professor of History at Johns Hopkins University and the author of the forthcoming_ Vanguard: How Black Women Broke Barriers, Won the Vote, and Insisted on Equality for All ## Transcript Kind: captions Language: en-US I think that when we're looking at, at the matter of how things are shaped or how movements worked, right, I would argue that the LGBTQ movement is, is actually dependent on many predecessors. One of which was, was essentially, sort of an anarchist/ libertarian view of how the state should treat people and I believe that comes out of Victoria Woodhull. The freedom to love who you want to love without government interference may seem like a relatively new thing, but the push for this ideal actually goes as far back as the 19th century with the Free Love movement So the Free Love movement was essentially a middle-class movement from 19th century America. It came out of, to varying degrees, utopian communities, such as the Robert Owen community and it essentially said that people should be free to make their own decisions about their private and personal lives around romance around and around sexuality. It was condemned by many ministers, by priests by the more conservative social Purity movement, such as the Woman's Christian Temperance Union. They were not 1960's hippies, they did not say everybody should be sleeping around. They were not saying people should be totally free with their sexuality. They were simply saying that the state had no right to dictate how people led their personal lives around romance and sexuality. One of the leaders of this movement was Victoria Woodhull. Victoria Woodhull was the first woman to run for president in this country, which a lot of people have forgotten because she has not been included in history textbooks. She was really a leader in this nation as a suffrage leader, as a woman who started a newspaper, as a woman who had a firm on Wall Street. And I think the most important things about her for us today is that she was actually what we would call a sex radical. She was a self-described free lover, which meant that, although she was married three times and probably monogamous in all those marriages, she believed that the state should have nothing to say about how she chose lovers, when she chose them, or how long she stayed with them, or for anyone else. One of the reasons that Victoria Woodhall got so attached to the Free Love movement is due to a very disastrous first marriage that she had. She was married by the time she was a teenager to man who was significantly older than her. It was not a good marriage by any means. And she felt it was really unfair that men could go around and have affairs. And it was considered just being a part of society, Part of male culture while women were stuck in horrible marriages and had no other choices Woodhull was instrumental to the Free Love movement because she was, by any measure, one of the most famous women in America or I should say one of the most infamous, right? Thomas Nast did a famous cartoon of her called Mrs. Satan. And she had an enormous political platform. She had her own newspaper, she ran a brokerage firm, she socialized with people like Cornelius Vanderbilt, she was friends with many of the women, and worked with many of the women that were in the suffrage movement at the time. So of all the people in America who might actually say these things she got the most publicity, and I don't doubt she was a bit of a publicity hound. So, there are many reasons why she isn't remembered today. First of all, a lot of history textbooks are very male-centered with prominent white male figures from history. And a lot of women's history hasn't been included. Secondly, Victoria Woodhull was a very liberal person for her time, to put it mildly, and she was involved with the suffrage movement with Elizabeth Cady Stanton and with Susan B. Anthony. And, initially, they worked together. But then there came a point where her views were considered so radical by Susan B, Anthony that she was sort of kicked out of the movement. And so when the suffragists themselves, other feminist, went to write their own history, she was excluded from that. So she was a figure who was so controversial for her time, considered so outside of the norm that not even her contemporaries included her. The free love movement of the 19th century was also too controversial to be successful at the time. The Free Love movement had a list of demands, none of which were ever going to be put into practice by the government. People we're not going to get rid of marriage laws, people in the 19th century were not going to get get rid of laws that criminalize adultery. In terms of of concrete accomplishments, it really did almost nothing, in terms of the larger scale, it was enormously effective in terms of getting people to think, and getting people to talk about these issues. And while the Free Love movement and Victoria Woodhull weren't necessarily advocating for LGBT rights, Woodhull's influence can be seen in today's movements. I have students ask me did she advocate for gay rights back then? I highly doubt it. I highly doubt it, you know she was very liberal but I don't think that she had reached that point. She was heterosexual herself, having been married 3 times. But certainly this concept that she and her colleagues created of this Free Love platform is an ideology that we have seen rippling across time, across the century, and the general theme of what she was saying is still very applicable today. As far as, "Who is anybody else to say?" "Who's anybody else to judge my love life and who I want to spend time with?" So I'm pretty sure that nobody in the LGBT movement in the 1950s or after Stonewall said, "You know what? Victoria Woodhull was really right, we should follow her example." But they certainly followed the spirit of her example, which is that the state should have no interference in your personal life. In fact, Woodhull's ideals of personal freedom are still being fought for by activists like those at the Woodhull Freedom Foundation. I was awestruck at this human being so many, many years ahead of her time advocating for the things I believed in and that I wanted to lead an organization that would be focused on. The organization focuses on issues such as protecting the rights of sex workers and protecting the rights of all kinds of families. Victoria Woodhull was a proponent of the right to really form family. The universal Declaration of Human Rights states that every individual has the right to form family. The United Nations itself has refused to define family saying that the complexity of family today is so vast that it couldn't be limited by any one description. That's a total mirror of what Victoria Woodhull believed. If I had to explain to a student, what they should learn in history that isn't actually taught in textbooks, I would say to find the hidden gems, like Victoria Woodhull. 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