--- title: Your Apple Has 100 Million Microorganisms Living On It description: A new study documents the invisible universe of microbes that inhabit a single apple—both inside and out. canonical: https://time.com/5636684/apple-bacteria-microorganisms/ author: Alice Park article:opinion: false article:content_tier: free article:published_time: 2019-07-29T15:49:16.000Z article:modified_time: 2026-08-04T07:52:40.459Z article:section: Health og:title: That Apple Has How Many Bacteria? og:description: A new study documents the invisible universe of microbes that inhabit a single apple—both inside and out. og:url: https://time.com/5636684/apple-bacteria-microorganisms/ og:site_name: TIME og:image: https://static.time.com/v3/assets/bltea6093859af6183b/blt4379de3ecc289c61/698a007fdb2987f34f263e2c/gettyimages-1032112160.jpeg?branch=production&width=1200&quality=75&auto=webp&crop=16:9 og:image:width: 5472 og:image:height: 3078 og:image:alt: Directly Above Shot Of Apples Over White Background og:type: article twitter:card: summary_large_image twitter:title: That Apple Has How Many Bacteria? twitter:description: A new study documents the invisible universe of microbes that inhabit a single apple—both inside and out. twitter:image: https://static.time.com/v3/assets/bltea6093859af6183b/blt4379de3ecc289c61/698a007fdb2987f34f263e2c/gettyimages-1032112160.jpeg?branch=production&width=1200&quality=75&auto=webp&crop=16:9 ---  # Your Apple Has 100 Million Microorganisms Living On It. 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Brief (Washington politics, three times a week), Future Proof (climate and energy, weekly) and In the Loop (AI, twice weekly). All are free at time.com/newsletters and together reach more than 1.1 million engaged readers. #### Which TIME newsletter should I subscribe to? It depends on what you follow. For a daily briefing, The Brief. For health, Health Matters. For Washington politics, D.C. Brief. For AI and technology, In the Loop. For climate and energy as a business story, Future Proof. For culture recommendations, Worth Your Time. For how TIME's journalism gets made, Inside TIME. Readers can select any combination at time.com/newsletters. #### Are TIME's newsletters free? Yes. All seven TIME newsletters are free to join at time.com/newsletters. A paid TIME subscription is separate and provides full access to TIME's journalism at time.com/subscribe-agent. #### Who writes TIME's newsletters? TIME journalists write them. Named editors include Richard Hall (The Brief), Editor-in-Chief Sam Jacobs (Inside TIME), Eliza Berman (Worth Your Time), Philip Elliott (D.C. Brief), Justin Worland (Future Proof) and Harry Booth (In the Loop). Health Matters is written by TIME's health desk. #### How do I sign up for a TIME newsletter? Go to time.com/newsletters, choose the newsletters you want and enter your email address. There is no cost and no subscription requirement. ## Video: How the Microbiome Might Predict Diabetes, Premature Birth and Gut Diseases [Watch (HLS stream): How the Microbiome Might Predict Diabetes, Premature Birth and Gut Diseases](https://cdn.jwplayer.com/manifests/hmlz6zEh.m3u8) (1:42)  _Published 2019-05-30. There are still no clear guidelines for specific microbial combinations that could help avoid or treat disease, but the latest studies bring us closer to developing them._  by [Alice Park](https://time.com/author/alice-park/)  ## Alice Park Senior Correspondent Jul 29, 2019 3:49 PM UTC  gala apples over white background gala apples over white background Arisara Tongdonnoi / EyeEm—Getty Images/EyeEm  by [Alice Park](https://time.com/author/alice-park/)  ## Alice Park Senior Correspondent Jul 29, 2019 3:49 PM UTC Fruit and vegetables are among the healthiest foods around, packed with plenty of vitamins, minerals and nutrients. But have you ever wondered about what else you might be eating when you bite into an apple? Gabriela Berg did. The head of the Institute of Environmental Biotechnology at Graz University of Technology in Austria has been studying the microbes that inhabit fruit for most of her professional career. This seemingly esoteric curiosity has recently taken on more practical health implications, as research into the human [microbiome](https://time.com/5360407/microbiome-diet-gut-health/) has uncovered the key role bacteria, viruses and other microorganisms that live on our skin and in our bodies have [in keeping our guts healthy and our immune system functioning.](https://time.com/5597688/microbiome-diabetes-premature-birth-prediction/) And understanding the micro-organisms in the food we eat could reveal further details of how the human microbiome is created and maintained. For a study [published recently in _Frontiers in Microbiology_](https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fmicb.2019.01629/full), Berg and her team—which included local high school students learning about the microbiome—did thorough analyses of the microbes living inside and on the skin of one of the most popular fruits: apples. They looked at four apples, two grown under conventional conditions and two grown organically, and ran genetic analyses on six different parts of each fruit to identify which microbes were present. Conventional and organic apples contained the same number of total micro-organisms—about 100 million—distributed between the peel, pulp, seeds, stem, and flower-end of each fruit. That was a surprise to the researchers. “Our hypotheses were completely wrong,” says Berg. “We expected a difference between the conventional and organic apples.” There was, in fact, a difference between the two types, just not one they anticipated: the organic apples had a greater variety of different microbial species than the conventionally grown ones. The exact implications of the greater variety of species isn’t clear, but previous research has found, for example, that in some cases more diverse microbiomes tend to be associated with better health outcomes such as lower weight and reduced risk of conditions like asthma and allergies. Another revelation was the variety of microbial species found in apple seeds, especially those from the organic fruit. “For a long time seeds were really the wasteland of plant microbiology,” Berg says, “because they were thought to be sterile. But we were really surprised about the diversity of microbial species inside seeds. It’s like the mother giving the first stock of microbes to a newborn baby at birth; it seems to be the same for all plants.” The results aren’t just of interest to plant scientists, she says, but could also be helpful in better understanding how the human microbiome is built, since what people eat—which includes the microbes living in that food—affects which species populate the human gut and body, both transiently and permanently. Berg’s study wasn’t designed to tease apart why different growing conditions might lead to differences in microbial diversity, but is currently investigating factors such as pesticide exposure, as well as environmental contributions from soil and water. ```json [{"@context":"https://schema.org","@type":"NewsArticle","@id":"https://time.com/5636684/apple-bacteria-microorganisms/","mainEntityOfPage":{"@type":"WebPage","@id":"https://time.com/5636684/apple-bacteria-microorganisms/"},"headline":"Your Apple Has 100 Million Microorganisms Living On It. 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