--- description: Plastic debris is killing the ocean’s 'invisible forests,' which produce ten percent of the oxygen we breathe. Here's what you should know. title: Is Plastic Pollution Depriving Us of Oxygen? image: https://static.time.com/v3/assets/bltea6093859af6183b/blte6848bc1833ff6ee/6989fed2db298784af263b47/plastic-pollution-oceans-oxygen.jpg?branch=production&width=2400&quality=75&auto=webp&crop=16:9 ---  * [Science](/section/science/) ## Science Update your preferences in [Account Settings](/account/preferences/) Close * [Environment](/tag/environment/) ## Environment Update your preferences in [Account Settings](/account/preferences/) Close # Is Plastic Pollution Depriving Us of Oxygen? by [TIME Staff](/author/time-staff/) ## TIME Staff Update your preferences in [Account Settings](/account/preferences/) Close Jun 20, 2019 5:19 PM CUT  Plastic bottles seen in a recycling factory in Dhaka, Bangladesh on June 18, 2019. Plastic bottles seen in a recycling factory in Dhaka, Bangladesh on June 18, 2019.REHMAN ASAD—Barcroft Media/Getty Images by [TIME Staff](/author/time-staff/) ## TIME Staff Update your preferences in [Account Settings](/account/preferences/) Close Jun 20, 2019 5:19 PM CUT The [plastic debris](https://time.com/5604447/canada-single-use-plastic-ban/ "undefined") floating in the [world’s oceans](https://time.com/5597447/exxpedition-world-oceans-day-plastic-pollution/ "undefined") entangles wildlife, kills birds that swallow it mistaking it for food, and seeps into the food chain, showing up in fish that humans eat. A [major threat to the ocean](https://time.com/5588691/victor-vescovo-plastic-oceans/ "undefined"), this [plastic pollution](https://time.com/5581326/plastic-particles-in-bottled-water/ "undefined") is estimated to cause more than $13 billion in economic damage to marine ecosystems each year. Turns out, it also disturbs important ocean bacteria, and the effects are far more profound than one may think. Dispersed throughout the upper 200 meters of ocean, abundant and important bacteria known as _Prochlorococcus_ govern many processes that happen not only inside that water, but also on land. [These tiny green species have been called the ocean’s invisible forests](https://www.jstor.org/stable/26060566?mag=is-plastic-pollution-depriving-us-of-oxygen "undefined") because they perform similar functions to what plants do on earth. _Prochlorococcus_ are photosynthetic organisms—they use sunlight to convert carbon dioxide into oxygen, adding it to the atmosphere like miniature plants. They are a type of Cyanobacteria, which were the planet’s first oxygen-producing creatures—so they are essentially the ancestors of today’s plants. _Prochlorococcus_ may be the most plentiful microorganisms on the planet. They produce nearly ten percent of the all the oxygen we breathe. A single drop of ocean water can contain 20,000 of them. But despite their abundance, they managed to evade modern science until fifteen years ago, when Sallie W. Chisholm from the Massachusetts Institute of Technology and Robert J. Olson from the Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution first discovered the species. Passing the ocean water through a flow cytometer—a device that detects and measures physical and chemical characteristics of particles suspended in fluids—the scientists noticed the cells, which were later named _Prochlorococcus_. Because there is less sunlight in the deep-sea water column, _Prochlorococcus_ evolved to harvest light very efficiently. [It is also a major player of the global carbon cycle](https://www.jstor.org/stable/41352644?mag=is-plastic-pollution-depriving-us-of-oxygen "undefined"). But scientists at the Macquarie University in Australia have found that these bacteria are susceptible to plastic pollution, which interferes with their growth, functioning, and oxygen production. Working in lab settings, the team exposed two strains of _Prochlorococcus,_ which live at different depths in the ocean, to chemicals leached from two common plastic products: polyvinyl chloride (PVC), and plastic grocery bags, which are made from high-density polyethylene. The scientists found that exposure to these chemicals impaired _Prochlorococcus’s_ growth and function, including the amount of oxygen they produce. It also altered the bacteria’s expression in many of their genes. “We found that exposure to chemicals leaching from plastic pollution interfered with the growth, photosynthesis, and oxygen production of _Prochlorococcus_,” says Macquarie University researcher Sasha Tetu, lead author of the study published in _Communications Biology_. Moreover, the higher the concentration of the plastic pollution, the thinner the density of the bacterial population. The team’s next step would be to take their experiments out to sea and see how _Prochlorococcus_ fare in nature. “Now we’d like to explore if plastic pollution is having the same impact on these microbes in the ocean,” Tetu says. Is oxygen deprivation looming ahead? The diminished oxygen production will have a ripple effect through the earth’s ecosystems. “Plastic leachate exposure could influence marine _Prochlorococcus_community composition and potentially the broader composition and productivity of ocean phytoplankton communities,” the authors note in the study. We won’t start suffocating any time soon, but the magnitude of these changes isn’t yet understood. --- _Lina Zeldovich holds a master degree from Columbia J-School and has written for_ Popular Mechanics_,_ Smithsonian_,_ Newsweek_,_ Audubon_,_ Mosaic Science _and_ Hakai Magazine_, among other publications._ **_This article was originally published on_** **JSTOR Daily** **_. Read the original article_** [**_here_**](https://daily.jstor.org/is-plastic-pollution-depriving-us-of-oxygen/ "undefined")**_._** ```json [{"@context":"https://schema.org","@type":"NewsArticle","@id":"https://time.com/5610245/plastic-pollution-oceans-oxygen/","mainEntityOfPage":{"@type":"WebPage","@id":"https://time.com/5610245/plastic-pollution-oceans-oxygen/"},"headline":"Is Plastic Pollution Depriving Us of Oxygen?","datePublished":"2019-06-20T17:19:23.000Z","dateModified":"2026-02-23T23:47:47.984Z","description":"Plastic debris is killing the ocean’s 'invisible forests' that produce oxygen","url":"https://time.com/5610245/plastic-pollution-oceans-oxygen/","keywords":["Environment","climate","onetime","syndication"],"thumbnailUrl":"https://static.time.com/v3/assets/bltea6093859af6183b/blte6848bc1833ff6ee/6989fed2db298784af263b47/plastic-pollution-oceans-oxygen.jpg?branch=production&width=1200&quality=75&auto=webp&crop=1200:675&height=675","author":[{"@type":"Person","name":"TIME Staff","jobTitle":null,"url":"https://time.com/author/time-staff/"}],"articleSection":"Science","image":[{"@type":"ImageObject","url":"https://static.time.com/v3/assets/bltea6093859af6183b/blte6848bc1833ff6ee/6989fed2db298784af263b47/plastic-pollution-oceans-oxygen.jpg?branch=production&width=1200&quality=75&auto=webp&crop=1200:675&height=675","width":1200,"height":675,"headline":"Plastic Pollution Might Be Depriving Us of Oxygen","caption":"Plastic Pollution In Bangladesh","creditText":"REHMAN ASAD—Barcroft Media/Getty Images","representativeOfPage":true}],"publisher":{"@type":"Organization","name":"Time","url":"https://time.com/","logo":{"@type":"ImageObject","url":"https://time.com/images/logo.png","width":528,"height":156},"foundingDate":"March 3, 1923","sameAs":["https://www.facebook.com/time","https://www.instagram.com/time/?hl=en","https://twitter.com/time","https://www.pinterest.com/timemagazine"]}},{"@context":"https://schema.org","@type":"BreadcrumbList","itemListElement":[{"@type":"ListItem","position":1,"item":{"@id":"/section/science/","name":"Science"}},{"@type":"ListItem","position":2,"item":{"@id":"/tag/environment/","name":"Environment"}},{"@type":"ListItem","position":3,"item":{"@id":"https://time.com/5610245/plastic-pollution-oceans-oxygen/","name":"Is Plastic Pollution Depriving Us of Oxygen?"}}]}] ```