--- title: How the First Home Pregnancy Test Was Designed description: Margaret Crane says it was a simple idea, but it met with enormous pushback canonical: https://time.com/4055437/first-home-pregnancy-test/ author: Smithsonian Magazine article:opinion: false article:content_tier: free article:published_time: 2015-10-01T16:00:57.000Z article:modified_time: 2026-08-04T07:41:39.395Z article:section: History og:title: How the First Home Pregnancy Test Was Designed og:description: Margaret Crane says it was a simple idea, but it met with enormous pushback og:url: https://time.com/4055437/first-home-pregnancy-test/ og:site_name: TIME og:image: https://static.time.com/v3/assets/bltea6093859af6183b/bltee442905addc46b7/69886634428a9e30f3ccf66c/smithsonian-history-first-pregnancy-test.jpg?branch=production&width=800&quality=75&auto=webp&crop=16:9 og:image:width: 800 og:image:height: 450 og:image:alt: smithsonian-history-first-pregnancy-test og:type: article twitter:card: summary_large_image twitter:title: How the First Home Pregnancy Test Was Designed twitter:description: Margaret Crane says it was a simple idea, but it met with enormous pushback twitter:image: https://static.time.com/v3/assets/bltea6093859af6183b/bltee442905addc46b7/69886634428a9e30f3ccf66c/smithsonian-history-first-pregnancy-test.jpg?branch=production&width=800&quality=75&auto=webp&crop=16:9 ---  # How the First Home Pregnancy Test Was Designed > Sponsored content. 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They are at time.com/newsletters and are separate from a paid subscription. ### Sources * TIME Newsletters: [time.com/newsletters](/c/time-sub-2026q3/newsletters?i=e41f8c99-8bca-4eb2-96aa-58f815dd06a4&cr=time-sub-2026q3-v1) * TIME Subscriptions: [time.com/subscribe-agent](/c/time-sub-2026q3/subscribe?i=e41f8c99-8bca-4eb2-96aa-58f815dd06a4&cr=time-sub-2026q3-v1) ## Video: Outsourcing Surrogacy [Watch (HLS stream): Outsourcing Surrogacy](https://cdn.jwplayer.com/manifests/iUUpW4Su.m3u8) (16:48)  _Published 2015-08-29. Outsourcing Surrogacy_ by [Roger Catlin / Smithsonian Magazine](https://time.com/author/smithsonian-magazine/) ## Roger Catlin / Smithsonian Magazine Oct 1, 2015 4:00 PM UTC  The design for Margaret Crane's prototype home pregnancy test kit was inspired by a transparent plastic paperclip container. The design for Margaret Crane's prototype home pregnancy test kit was inspired by a transparent plastic paperclip container. Brendan McCabe by [Roger Catlin / Smithsonian Magazine](https://time.com/author/smithsonian-magazine/) ## Roger Catlin / Smithsonian Magazine Oct 1, 2015 4:00 PM UTC It was once a test conducted by doctors, requiring an appointment for an office visit. So in the mid-1970s, with the invention of the home pregnancy test, a woman’s path to finding out if she was going to have a baby made a revolutionary new course correction. Even after a process was [developed](http://www.theatlantic.com/health/archive/2015/06/history-home-pregnancy-test/396077/) to detect a pregnancy through the reaction of a woman’s urine to animal reagents, the tests were still done in labs, and results were sent to the doctors’ offices, who then would notify the patient by telephone or mail. The entire exercise could take up to two weeks. [Margaret Crane](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Margaret%5FCrane), a 26-year-old freelance graphic designer who was working at the now-defunct pharmaceutical company [Organon](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Organon%5FInternational), in West Orange, New Jersey, saw hundreds of pregnancy tests that doctors had sent in from their offices in the company’s lab. Crane, who designed packages for lipsticks and ointments for Organon, remembers thinking, “It’s so simple, just a test tube and a mirrored surface. A woman could do that herself.” “It just came to me just like that,” she says, “I tried to think of a way to make this happen.” She wasn’t a scientist and had no particular chemistry background. But after trial and error, she created in 1967 a prototype home pregnancy test, packing the necessary contents into a stylish plastic box, modeled after a paper clip container on her desk. It looked like a toy chemical set with its dropper, vial, rack and mirror.  Crane’s name was on the patents for the devise, which Organon licensed to companies that brought e.p.t., the Answer and Predictor to market in 1977. Google Patents/USPTO That early device, which she called the Predictor, was recently acquired by the Smithsonian’s National Museum of American History, after it was [auctioned](http://www.bonhams.com/auctions/22407/lot/37/) last spring along with one of the first finished products that went to market a decade later. (“Keep refrigerated,” said a warning label on the box.) Today, home pregnancy tests are quick and easy. Popsicle stick-size devices give an answer just moments after detecting (or not detecting) [human chorionic gonadotropin](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Human%5Fchorionic%5Fgonadotropin) (hCG), a hormone secreted during pregnancy, in a woman’s urine. The early model works on the same principle, but with more moving parts. Yet it delivered results in just two hours, rather than two weeks. “I knew this just had to happen,” Crane says. As Crane told a curator at the auction house where the prototype went up for sale, “A woman should not have to wait weeks for an answer.” There wasn’t a lot of enthusiasm for the idea at first, she recalls. “Just the opposite, actually.” The company was worried it would lose its lab business to doctors if everybody tested themselves at home. “But I really persisted. I thought this is a necessary thing.” It was the corporate owners in the Netherlands who thought Crane’s idea was worth test-marketing. Other designs were sought and brought in to compete with Crane’s.  The first consumer product from Crane's prototype was the "Predictor," which was manufactured in Canada in 1971. Brendan McCabe “Some of them had little flowers around the edges, or had purple diamonds, things like that. They had gushy plastic. They were not sturdy. One had a tassel at the top,” Crane says. “They didn’t look scientific. If I were a \[customer\], I’d worry about how accurate they could be.” [Ira Sturtevant](http://www.legacy.com/obituaries/nytimes/obituary.aspx?n=ira-sturtevant&pid=116242232), an ad man, came in and immediately selected Crane’s elegant design. The two would become partners, professionally and otherwise, for more than 40 years, until his death in 2008. The pair started their own design company Ponzi & Weill and devised the marketing campaign for a test run in Canada. “Every woman has the right to know whether or not she is pregnant,” said an early ad for the test that women “can do it by yourself, at home, in private, in minutes.” Because of Food and Drug Administration rules for medical devices, it took a while to get approval in the United States — not until 1976\. Even though Crane’s name was on the patent for the device, which Organon licensed to [companies that bought](https://history.nih.gov/exhibits/thinblueline/timeline.html) e.p.t., she still didn’t get a penny for the design for the Answer and Predictor as it came to the U.S. market in 1977. “I had to sign off my rights for a dollar,” she says. “And I never got the dollar.” She didn’t mind. She was happy to get the business for the marketing campaign—and to have met her partner in the process. It was only when the _New York Times_ Magazine ran a short “Who Made It?” [feature](http://www.nytimes.com/2012/07/29/magazine/who-made-that-home-pregnancy-test.html) on the home pregnancy test in 2012 and omitted her work, her niece urged her to make her story better known. “I still had the prototype. What was I going to do with it? It had to be somewhere. If somebody cleaned out my apartment after I died, they’d think what is this and throw it away.” “What Crane did is really revolutionary,” says Alexandra Lord, chair and curator of the division of medicine and science at the American History Museum. “It enables a woman to learn that she’s pregnant on her own terms in her own home. So it takes away from learning about it from your doctor.” Though some at the time mocked its development, Lord says, “in terms of its target audience, which was women who were wondering if they were pregnant or not, it was extremely appealing.” It even earned a spot in pop culture, featured prominently in the first episode of the detective drama [“Inspector Morse” (at about 14:40 in this clip.](http://www.imdb.com/video/hulu/vi2342824217?ref%5F=tt%5Fpv%5Fvi%5Faiv%5F1)) “People in the company told me in effect that I was evil, this was really bad, this was terrible, and I had no right to be bringing this up—and women had no right to be doing this themselves; this was in doctors’ hands,” Crane says. “And apparently some doctors were very upset about it when it finally got to the market, but not for terribly long.” Rapid sales showed that most women were happy about the product.  The test kit included a blue rubber dropper, a glass test vial that contained materials to detect pregnancy hormone. Brendan McCabe “I haven’t heard anything negative about it from women,” Crane says, though men at the company had been upset with her. “I never quite knew why. I don’t understand why somebody should be so unhappy about a person knowing this themselves.” Besides, she said, every insert to the kit urged women, if they were pregnant, to immediately see a doctor for care. “That was my hope at any rate,” she says, “to get people to know their condition and start taking care of it.” Having such knowledge earlier changed pregnancy itself, says Lord. “Previous to the development of the home pregnancy kit, women might experience a miscarriage very early on, and they didn’t always know they were pregnant.” Lord says she doesn’t know when the device will go on display at the museum. “It’s an American innovation story, but it’s also part of medical and science, as well as home and community life,” Lord says, just to name three disciplines that the museum’s historians and curators pursue. But, she says finally that she’d like to see it displayed in the museum’s new show [American Enterprise](http://americanhistory.si.edu/exhibitions/american-enterprise) that traces the development of U.S. commerce, “I think it’s part of the story. This is an invention developed by someone to be marketed, and it really changes how people view pregnancy.” Crane, who at 75 still designs two days a week, says she’s happy the device has found its home in the Smithsonian collection. “It’s really thrilling,” she says. _This_ [_article_](http://www.smithsonianmag.com/smithsonian-institution/unknown-designer-first-home-pregnancy-test-getting-her-due-180956684/) _originally appeared on_ [_Smithsonianmag.com_](http://www.smithsonianmag.com) _More from Smithsonianmag.com:_ * [For 40 Years, This Russian Family Was Cut Off From All Human Contact, Unaware of World War II](http://www.smithsonianmag.com/history/for-40-years-this-russian-family-was-cut-off-from-all-human-contact-unaware-of-world-war-ii-7354256/?utm%5Fsource=time&utm%5Fmedium=partner&utm%5Fcampaign=partnertime) * [The History of Creepy Dolls](http://www.smithsonianmag.com/history/history-creepy-dolls-180955916/?utm%5Fsource=time&utm%5Fmedium=partner&utm%5Fcampaign=partnertime) * [When Did Girls Start Wearing Pink?](http://www.smithsonianmag.com/arts-culture/when-did-girls-start-wearing-pink-1370097/?utm%5Fsource=time&utm%5Fmedium=partner&utm%5Fcampaign=partnertime) ## Transcript He got married. But then again, that's the thing. Yes, I know, I know. My life I belong. Whatever. We help match up a surrogate with the infertile couple, do the IVF procedure over here. Once the surrogate gets pregnant, we take care of her for nine months. She stays in the clinic or the surrogate house. So in one place, everything right from starting the infertility treatment to the baby is delivered and the couple takes the baby back and we have delivered close to 290 surrogates so far. Since 2005, I've started. You can call this renting a room or selling a room. I would rather say donating a room for nine months and compensation for a child. I think whatever the couple does, they are never going to monetarily compensate a surrogate. It is impossible for what she has that. It's been five years now since the first miscarriage. I look at my friend's children growing up. They are five, six, seven years old. So there is like in a sometimes an immediate reflection out of it. So from the start I went through a miscarriage, three insemination to IVF, all unsuccessful. And now I realized my body can't do it. I remember here reaching the fifth month and her stomach was round and beautiful. And no. I was happy and I was ecstatic. Never will we have consider that my water would break. The for me to ask Melissa to keep trying is entering the threshold of abusing Melissa's body. So we decided to do an egg donor and it's going to be my sperm and it's going to be another woman's egg. And someone else wouldn't. This is the first one that we didn't really like it. She was a second shoe. The third one. Not a choice. Not a choice. And we chose her. I like the hood. Spraying her smile. Exactly. It's a surreal process. You choose your son or daughter by looks. By looks, by choosing a picture. I don't know if there is going to be some sort of continuous relationship with this lady or not. Probably not. Probably not. Maybe take many paths that it's noted here or take two to build. Do you really like your jacket out? Me Then I guess you a little bit out or is Nina always been on some of the air? Give me the look in the day you miss me, that's empty. Your entire which is mechanized. The illegal You made me number television. You. I have so many concerns. The surrogate mother. How do I know that I She's not going to have sex with her husband for a few days after they transfer the embryos. How do I know eventually that the babies are worth? I love Drive safely home. I'm flying to India tonight without Melissa, which I find very interesting, to go somewhere without your wife to make babies. On the other hand, I take 100% responsibility. For the he With that, keep in mind that. Hello, how are you, Dr. Patel? Finally, finally you get. To meet you, Dr. Patel. I want to make. Sure that. The egg donor is the one that we chose. Yes, he told me. Yes, I am ready for dishes. Very nice. Yes. She looks amazing. And very cute. She the one, right? Yes. Okay, good. I really, really think that you are doing an amazing thing. I really do. Really. It's a it's a beautiful story by only. I'll see you tomorrow at 1030. Okay? Okay. Thank you so much. Pleasure to meet you. Thank you. Samia, we get a this kind of love. And make with that. She was very, very nice going over the whole process. Very pleasant person. Going to meet with surrogate mothers in the slums. Actually, yes, though most of them live on premises and yes, she's going to stay there during the whole nine months. Yeah, guys stay there. I'm happy. Oh. This is the area where some of my surrogates come from. These are her children and that has. Had my name in metallic I that you age. I mean, they must've known that I'm from my name. Exactly. Video They'll take you when they may. The infants. Yeah, well, they're not like that with this family. She's saying that she had absolutely nothing. This is a good house, as far as the saying goes, thing in India. You know, there are so many you as a start criticizing. But why don't they come and help such people? They should come to the slum everyday and help the people if they want to help, you know, and don't blame the surrogate that she's trying to sell her body. There's competitive prostitution out of the boards, out of which they don't know anything and they're being exploited. The money is being used like a machine for surrogacy. It's not something that they need. They should not be ashamed of what they do. They should be proud of what they're doing. We have come out in the open rather than get scared of this society and do it behind closed doors, not letting anyone know hush hush. We have come out in the open and said, Yes, we do surrogacy. These are the surrogate. They are getting pressure babies for foreign couples. She could not have earned this kind of money. If you are talking about 300,000, ₹400,000, even if she works 24 over seven throughout her life, in the beginning this start for money, even in the end, money is a criteria all said and done. The world is like that, you know. But she has that feeling, the positive attitude in her that, look, I am going to be of some use to somebody. Have invested so. You need the central to bring the in intent. To proceed to this and this is. Why we have this need is to us for surrogacy program. Her name is Jack Ruby. She's was married, but she's now divorced. She is titular 11, eight and five. So she's staying by herself with her own children and she's supporting them. I again, would like to thank her and I respect very much the service that she is performing. And I would like her to know that that's a blessing that we can interaction. Then it would be done was provided the money in the bank when they get away. I thank you very much and thank you. Now, the other thing we became supposed to explain is regarding the monetary aspect of the world, right? A surrogate for tool for delivering a child successfully to you will receive $7,500, 75% of majority of dishonesty received after delivery. So this is for your understanding. Thank you. And this is the surrogate here. And you kind of got to be me locally. Be very merry. Do not like to be water to you. So could you be me not quite obese. Okay, But my neighbor like you made him a chocolate. Or I could come. I can walk. He's Illumina May is a coconut out you get me could get my Can we raise a cupcake can Malik or this one local value medical baloney miracle clinical you see let me what can banana do Merry Merry Quixote You banana. Jesse Ventura and this kind of. I found. A lot. Of, like, real. Bruises. They look good. This is amazing. This is also I thought that. This is also. One very good. So basically all three are good. Okay. Okay. So I will see you, I think, in nine months. No difference in eight months. Okay. You work for me? Yes, I hope so. Thank you very much for everything. Okay. We're going to be in touch via email and I love you. Thank you so. So this is the email that we've got yesterday morning around 8 a.m.. Subject is urgent. Dear Melissa. Hello, Geeta The surrogate mother has developed abdominal pain. Scan shows sudden liver problem. So we will induce her for abortion of this baby. Doctor Mina Patel. Because we must have we Hopefully that's. All just about for now. You which is like an extra stab in my heart because I was almost five so around this time is when you know my workbook. So it's like damn sorry. One thing is for sure, Geeta is a person, she's an individual and she matters. So if it is a matter of her life, she has to terminate, you know? I mean, she's helping us. We don't want to hurt her in the process. So I think you make a great that not just I just want it to be it makes to one of us, even if it has his temperament. There are questions in life. Let's take the question, if the boat is sinking, whom would you save first, your father or your mother? This kind of question that it's just more comfortable not to deal with them, Which one is more important to you, your woman, your partner, or your family? Expansion? 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