The Islamic State in Iraq and Greater Syria (ISIS) has been using chemical weapons against Kurdish forces and civilians, according to an investigation in Iraq and Syria, including three known cases in the last month.
On three occasions in the last month, ISIS used chemical munitions to fight the Kurds, adapting suicide bombs and improvised explosive devices (IEDs) to include chlorine and other chemicals, CNN reported according to research by two independent U.K.-based groups, Conflict Armament Research (CAR) and Sahan Research.
One of the attacks was “the first documented use by (ISIS) forces of projectile-delivered chemical agents against Kurdish forces and civilian targets,” said CAR.
ISIS forces, for example, has fired munitions at Kurdish positions in northern Syria that had caused loss of focus, temporary paralysis, loss of consciousness and other problems, according to the investigators. At the scenes of one attack, investigators found dark yellow, powerful-smelling liquid leaking from a spent mortar, causing headaches and nausea among the team.
ISIS has been known to use chemical weapons in the past, and with access to weaponized chemical agents, its likely ISIS will continue to use the weapons, according to investigators.
18-year-old YPJ (Women's Protection Unit) fighter Torin Khairegi: “We live in
a world where women are dominated by men.
We are here to take control of our future. I injured an ISIS jihadi in Kobani. When he was wounded, all his friends left him behind and ran away. Later I went there and buried his body. I now feel that I am very powerful and can defend my home, my friends, my country, and myself. Many of us have been martyred and I see no path other than the continuation of their path."Newsha Tavakolian for TIMEYPJ fighters on their base at the border between Syria and Iraq. Young female fighters are indoctrinated to the ideology of their charismatic leader, Abdullah Ocalan, head of the Kurdish Workers' Party (PKK), who promotes marxist thought and empowerment of women.Newsha Tavakolian for TIME18 year-old YPJ fighter Saria Zilan from Amuda, Syria:
"I fought ISIS in Serikani. I captured one of them and wanted to kill him, but my comrades did not let me. He kept staring at the ground and would not look at me, because he said it was forbidden by his religion to look at a woman."Newsha Tavakolian for TIME20-year old YPJ fighter Aijan Denis from Amuda, Syria:
"Where I am now, men and women are equal and we all have the same thought, which is fighting for our ideology and the rights of women. My three sisters and I are all in YPJ."Newsha Tavakolian for TIMEYPJ members take part in daily combat training at their base in Serikani. Syria.Newsha Tavakolian for TIMEThree YPJ fighters sit in an armed vehicle at their base in eastern Syria, days after returning from the front.
Newsha Tavakolian for TIMEYPJ members, including one who was wounded fighting against ISIS in Kobani, Syria, at the all-women Asayesh Security Base in Derek, Syria.Newsha Tavakolian for TIME16 year-old YPJ fighter Barkhodan Kochar from Darbasi, Syria:
"The war influenced me a lot. Before joining YPJ, whenever I asked my family about politics, they'd say 'that's not your business, you're just a girl'. But when I saw how the women of YPJ gave their lives for what they believed in, I knew that I wanted to be one of them."Newsha Tavakolian for TIMEA billboard showing fallen YPJ solders, reading, “With you we live on and life continues.”Newsha Tavakolian for TIMEIn Western Kurdistan, the Syrian autonomous region Kurds call Rojava, young people are taught the ideology of the PYD (the Democratic Union Party of Syria), an affiliate of PKK (Kurdistan Workers' Party). Many of these young people will soon be drafted into YPJ and YPG armies to fight ISIS.Newsha Tavakolian for TIMEin Syria, graves of YPJ members who were killed fighting ISIS. In the foreground, female fighters are buried together.Newsha Tavakolian for TIMEA picture of 17 year-old Cicek Derek, who died in the besieged city of Kobani, Syria, where her fellow fighters were unable to retrieve her body.Newsha Tavakolian for TIMERojin, the sister of 17 year-old YPJ fighter Cicek Derek who died fighting in Kobani, Syria. "When my mother told Cicek, 'Please stay with your mother', she answered 'I left to fight for all the mothers of the world. I cannot stay here'."Newsha Tavakolian for TIMEA scarf belonging to 17-year-old YPJ fighter Cicek Derek, who was killed in Kobani, Syria, was all that could be brought back to her family. Her body remains in Kobani.Newsha Tavakolian for TIMEA wedding dress outside a bridal shop in a town near Qamishlou, Syria. YPG graffiti can be seen on the walls of adjacent buildings. YPJ and YPG members are neither allowed to marry, nor can they have sexual relationships, according their ideology.Newsha Tavakolian for TIME20 year-old YPJ fighter Beritan Khabat from Derek, Syria. She joined the YPJ four years ago to protect her homeland and put an end to the suppression of women. "I fought ISIS in Jezza and Serikani. Women of YPJ are not scared of ISIS."Newsha Tavakolian for TIME
![18-year-old YPJ fighter Torin Khairegi: “We live ina world where women are dominated by men.We are here to take control of our future..I injured an ISIS jihadi in Kobane. When he was wounded, all his friends left him behind and ran away. Later I went there and buried his body. I now feel that I am very powerful and can defend my home, my friends, my country, and myself. Many of us have been matryred and I see no path other than the continuation of their path." Newsha Tavakolian for TIME Zinar base, Syria "I joined YPJ about seven months ago, because I was looking for something meaningful in my life and my leader [ Abdullah Ocalan] showed me the way and my role in the society. We live in a world where women are dominated by men. We are here to take control of our own future. We are not merely fighting with arms; we fight with our thoughts. Ocalan's ideology is always in our hearts and minds and it is with his thought that we become so empowered that we can even become better soldiers than men. When I am at the frontline, the thought of all the cruelty and injustice against women enrages me so much that I become extra-powerful in combat. I injured an ISIS jihadi in Kobane. When he was wounded, all his friends left him behind and ran away. Later I went there and buried his body. I now feel that I am very powerful and can defend my home, my friends, my country, and myself. Many of us have been matryred and I see no path other than the continuation of their path."](https://api.time.com/wp-content/uploads/2015/04/kurdish-women-fighters-syria-isis-newsha-tavakolian-09.jpg?quality=75&w=2400)
