• LIFE

Hatred on the Home Front: The Detroit Race Riots During WWII

4 minute read

The popular notion that the American home front during World War II was a place of unclouded unity, sacrifice and common purpose is — like most overly simplified characterizations of history — only partially true.

Much of the country did, of course, pull together to form a largely united front during the war, and shared sacrifice (rationing, for example) was a daily reality in the early to mid-1940s. But for millions of people, America in the Forties was a tough place to make a living — especially with the country and much of the rest of the world still reeling from the Great Depression — and if anything can cause simmering tensions to boil over, it’s economic hardship. Add simple, brutal race hatred to the mix, and conditions are ripe for serious strife. Including riots.

[MORE: See all of LIFE.com’s World War II galleries]

In 1943, race riots convulsed cities around the U.S., from Southern California’s infamous “zoot suit riots” in early June to widespread conflicts in St. Louis, New York, Baltimore and elsewhere. But no riots that year were as deadly, and few lasted as long, as the three days of violence that jolted Detroit in late June. Sparked by seemingly minor altercations amid aggressive white resistance to black labor flocking to the city’s factories during America’s ramped-up war effort, the Detroit riots (June 20-22) killed 34 people — 25 African Americans, nine whites — wounded hundreds more and damaged and destroyed property worth millions. What’s more, the street violence at home exposed how thin the veneer of “common purpose” truly was across some segments of society, even as Americans were fighting and dying overseas.

[MORE: See all of TIME’s coverage of Detroit]

Just one example of the country’s racially charged hostilities: In the spring of 1943, more than 20,000 white workers at a Detroit plant that produced engines for bombers and PT boats walked off the job in protest over the promotion of a small handful of black workers — a protest hardly emblematic of a nation seamlessly joining together to battle a common enemy. As a matter of fact, the Axis propaganda machine predictably jumped all over the news of America’s 1943 race riots, citing them as evidence of a corrupt, weak and fatally divided culture. (A few years later, of course, that corrupt, weak, fatally divided culture emerged from the war victorious and more powerful than any other single nation on the planet.)

Seventy years after the Detroit riots, LIFE.com offers a series of photos from a great American city in turmoil — pictures that, whether we want to remember this slice of history or not, remind us that for a significant number of Americans, both then and now, allegiance to race trumps allegiance to country every time.

Note: While this gallery of George Coster’s pictures focuses largely on African Americans rounded up by police (both civil and military) during and after the unrest in Detroit, LIFE devoted nine pages of photos to the riots — some of them graphic, all of them unsettling — in its July 5, 1943, issue, centering almost entirely on white thugs of all ages who perpetrated the greatest share of violence during the riots. See the LIFE page spreads starting on slide 19 in this gallery.

Members of both the black and white communities took part in the riots in Detroit in 1943 — looting, brawling, attacking innocent bystanders. But it’s worth noting that of the 25 African Americans killed during the upheaval, “no white individuals were killed by police,” according to the Detroit Historical Society, “whereas seventeen African American died at the hands of police violence.”

Liz Ronk, who edited this gallery, is the Photo Editor for LIFE.com. Follow her on Twitter @lizabethronk.

US Army soldiers brought in to restore order after riots between blacks and whites swept across Detroit, June 1943.
Not published in LIFE. US Army soldiers brought in to restore order after riots between blacks and whites swept across Detroit, June 1943.Gordon Coster—Time & Life Pictures/Getty Images
A furniture store in Detroit seen in the aftermath of wartime race riots, June 1943.
Not published in LIFE. A furniture store in Detroit seen in the aftermath of wartime race riots, June 1943.Gordon Coster—Time & Life Pictures/Getty Images
Army soldiers patrol Detroit streets after wartime race riots between blacks and whites swept the city, June 1943.
Not published in LIFE. Army soldiers patrol Detroit streets after wartime race riots between blacks and whites swept the city, June 1943.Gordon Coster—Time & Life Pictures/Getty Images
Scene after wartime race riots between blacks and whites which swept Detroit, Mich., in June 1943.
Not published in LIFE. Scene after wartime race riots between blacks and whites which swept Detroit, Mich., in June 1943.Gordon Coster—Time & Life Pictures/Getty Images
Scene after wartime race riots between blacks and whites which swept Detroit, Mich., in June 1943.
Not published in LIFE. Scene after wartime race riots between blacks and whites which swept Detroit, Mich., in June 1943.Gordon Coster—Time & Life Pictures/Getty Images
Army MPs guard a Detroit store from looters after wartime race riots in the city, June 1943.
Not published in LIFE. Military police guard a Detroit store from looters after wartime race riots in the city, June 1943.Gordon Coster—Time & Life Pictures/Getty Images
A soldier guards a group of African American men rounded up following wartime race riots in Detroit, 1943.
Not published in LIFE. A soldier guards a group of African American men rounded up following wartime race riots in Detroit, 1943.Gordon Coster—Time & Life Pictures/Getty Images
An African American sailor rounded up along with many other black men following wartime race riots in Detroit, June 1943.
Not published in LIFE. An African American sailor rounded up along with many other black men following wartime race riots in Detroit, June 1943.Gordon Coster—Time & Life Pictures/Getty Images
Bloodied African American man who was one of many blacks rounded up following wartime race riots in Detroit, June 1943.
Not published in LIFE. Bloodied African American man who was one of many blacks rounded up following wartime race riots in Detroit, June 1943.Gordon Coster—Time & Life Pictures/Getty Images
African American men rounded up following wartime race riots in Detroit, June 1943.
Not published in LIFE. African American men rounded up following wartime race riots in Detroit, June 1943.Gordon Coster—Time & Life Pictures/Getty Images
African American men rounded up following wartime race riots in Detroit, June 1943.
Not published in LIFE. African American men rounded up following wartime race riots in Detroit, June 1943.Gordon Coster—Time & Life Pictures/Getty Images
African American men rounded up under U.S. Army guard following wartime race riots in Detroit, June 1943.
African American men rounded up under U.S. Army guard following wartime race riots in Detroit, June 1943.Gordon Coster—Time & Life Pictures/Getty Images
US Army soldiers brought in to restore order after Detroit race riots read about the unfolding events in the Detroit Free Press, June 1943.
Not published in LIFE. US Army soldiers brought in to restore order after Detroit race riots read about the unfolding events in the Detroit Free Press, June 1943.Gordon Coster—Time & Life Pictures/Getty Images
Soldiers brought in to restore order after riots between blacks and whites in wartime Detroit, June 1943.
Not published in LIFE. Soldiers brought in to restore order after riots between blacks and whites in wartime Detroit, June 1943.Gordon Coster—Time & Life Pictures/Getty Images
An M3 Stuart tank parked on a Detroit street to maintain order after wartime race riots swept the city in June 1943.
Not published in LIFE. An M3 Stuart tank parked on a Detroit street to maintain order after wartime race riots swept the city in June 1943.Gordon Coster—Time & Life Pictures/Getty Images
A U.S. Army soldier, one of many brought in to restore order after riots between blacks and whites swept across the city in June 1943.
Not published in LIFE. A U.S. Army soldier, one of many brought in to restore order after riots between blacks and whites swept across the city in June 1943.Gordon Coster—Time & Life Pictures/Getty Images
The Hastings Street Riot Information Bureau Citizens Committee, created by African Americans using a vacant storefront after wartime race riots swept Detroit, June 1943.
Not published in LIFE. The Hastings Street Riot Information Bureau Citizens Committee, created by African Americans using a vacant storefront after wartime race riots swept Detroit, June 1943.Gordon Coster—Time & Life Pictures/Getty Images
A pair of zoot suit-wearing African American men walk down a Detroit street after wartime race riots between blacks and whites were quelled by Army troops and martial law, June 1943.
Not published in LIFE. A pair of zoot suit-wearing African American men walk down a Detroit street after wartime race riots between blacks and whites were quelled by Army troops and martial law, June 1943.Gordon Coster—Time & Life Pictures/Getty Images
Detroit race riots 1943
LIFE magazine, July 5, 1943. Note: Best viewed in "full screen" mode; see button at right.LIFE Magazine
Detroit race riots 1943
LIFE magazine, July 5, 1943. Note: Best viewed in "full screen" mode; see button at right.LIFE Magazine
Detroit race riots 1943
LIFE magazine, July 5, 1943. Note: Best viewed in "full screen" mode; see button at right.LIFE Magazine
Detroit race riots 1943
LIFE magazine, July 5, 1943. Note: Best viewed in "full screen" mode; see button at right.LIFE Magazine
Detroit race riots 1943
LIFE magazine, July 5, 1943. Note: Best viewed in "full screen" mode; see button at right.LIFE Magazine
Detroit race riots 1943
LIFE magazine, July 5, 1943. Note: Best viewed in "full screen" mode; see button at right.LIFE Magazine

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