--- description: Mar. 11, 1918: A soldier in Fort Riley, Kans., reports to the infirmary with what will become known as Spanish flu title: Influenza Epidemic History: Why Was the Spanish Flu so Deadly? image: https://static.time.com/v3/assets/bltea6093859af6183b/blt6549fe3ae6403a91/69878211524fc076bfdecbef/flu.jpeg?branch=production&width=2400&quality=75&auto=webp&crop=16:9 ---  * [History](/section/history/) ## History Update your preferences in [Account Settings](/account/preferences/) Close * [health](/tag/health/) ## health Update your preferences in [Account Settings](/account/preferences/) Close # What Made the Spanish Flu so Deadly? by [Jennifer Latson](/author/jennifer-latson/) ## Jennifer Latson Update your preferences in [Account Settings](/account/preferences/) Close Mar 11, 2015 2:30 PM CUT  Red Cross volunteers fighting against the spanish flu epidemic in United States in 1918 Red Cross volunteers fighting against the spanish flu epidemic in United States in 1918APIC / Getty Images by [Jennifer Latson](/author/jennifer-latson/) ## Jennifer Latson Update your preferences in [Account Settings](/account/preferences/) Close Mar 11, 2015 2:30 PM CUT Nearly a century after it made its grisly debut, the mysteries surrounding Spanish flu continue to plague epidemiologists. In 2005, [as _Slate_ has reported](http://www.slate.com/articles/health%5Fand%5Fscience/pandemics/2012/12/spanish%5Fflu%5Fmystery%5Fwhy%5Fdon%5Ft%5Fscientists%5Funderstand%5Fthe%5F1918%5Fflu%5Feven%5Fafter.html "undefined"), scientists succeeded in sequencing the virus’ RNA — eight years after exhuming a flu victim’s frozen corpse from an Alaskan grave to obtain a sample. But they still don’t know exactly where the virus came from or how it achieved such staggering lethality, killing more than half a million Americans and an estimated 50 million people worldwide in a single year. Some researchers believe the story began on the morning of this day, Mar. 11, 1918, when a soldier in Fort Riley, Kans., went to the camp infirmary with a fever. According to the PBS documentary [_Influenza 1918_](http://www.pbs.org/wgbh/americanexperience/features/transcript/influenza-transcript/ "undefined"), more than 100 soldiers had reported to the infirmary by noon. Within a week, that number had quintupled. Several dozen soldiers died there that spring, before the contagion seemed the ebb; the official cause was pneumonia. ### The 1918 Flu Pandemic: Scenes From a Cataclysm  Red Cross volunteers fight the flu pandemic, 1918. Apic—Getty Images  St. Louis Red Cross Motor Corps on duty during the influenza pandemic, 1918. Universal History Archive/UIG via Getty Images  Influenza victims crowd into an emergency hospital near Fort Riley, Kans., in this 1918 file photo. AP Photo—National Museum of Health  A patient wearing a "flu mask" during the influenza pandemic which followed the First World War. Topical Press Agency—Getty Images  Unidentified baseball players wearing masks which they thought would keep them from getting flu during the influenza epidemic of 1918. Underwood And Underwood/The LIFE Images Collection—Getty Images  A doctor inoculates Major Peters of Boston against the Influenza virus during the pandemic, 1918. Hulton Archive—Getty Images  Inspecting Chicago street cleaners for influenza, 1918. Bettmann/Corbis  Court is held outdoors in a park due to the influenza pandemic, San Francisco, 1918. Hulton Archive—Getty Images As soldiers fanned out to fight World War I, however, the virus made its way around the globe, from European battlefields to [remote areas of Russia and Greenland](http://content.time.com/time/subscriber/article/0,33009,914554-1,00.html "undefined"), spawning two more pandemic waves that were even deadlier than the first. (It became known as Spanish flu only because the [Spanish news media was the first to widely report the epidemic](http://ocp.hul.harvard.edu/contagion/influenza.html "undefined"), which had been hushed by wartime censors elsewhere in Europe.) What made this flu different from all other flus was a [dramatically higher fatality rate](http://wwwnc.cdc.gov/eid/article/12/1/05-0979%5Farticle "undefined"), plus the fact that while ordinary flus claimed casualties among the very young and the very old, this virus was especially deadly to young adults between the ages of 20 and 40\. And their deaths weren’t pretty. As _Slate_ tells it, “Many sufferers came down with severe nosebleeds — some spewed blood out of their nostrils with such force that nurses had to duck to avoid the flow. Those unable to recover eventually drowned in their own bodily fluids.” Why Spanish flu was so fatal, especially to people in the prime of their lives, is what scientists are striving to understand, as [TIME reported](http://content.time.com/time/subscriber/article/0,33009,987857,00.html "undefined") in the wake of Hong Kong’s 1997 avian flu outbreak. It was during that outbreak that a pathologist named Johan Hultin collected an intact, long-frozen sample of the Spanish flu virus from a mass grave in a tiny Alaska town called Brevig Mission, where 85 percent of the population had been felled by the flu in a single week. [Research on that sample has shown](http://www.nbcnews.com/id/16670768/ns/health-cold%5Fand%5Fflu/t/new-tests-reveal-why-flu-was-so-deadly/#.VPdlLLPF875 "undefined") that one way Spanish flu worked was by overstimulating the immune system and turning it against its owner — so having a strong immune system to begin with may have been a disadvantage. But there is more to it than that, other scientists say. And understanding the full story of Spanish flu could help develop vaccines to protect us from the next flu epidemic — an epidemic that is inevitable, as Hultin told TIME in 1998\. In the meantime, there’s only one surefire method of surviving pandemic flu, according to Hultin: Isolate yourself in a mountain hideaway until the outbreak subsides. TIME explains: “It was a tactic… successfully used in 1918 by a village just 30 miles from Brevig. Its elders, after learning of the advancing plague, stationed armed guards at the village perimeter with orders to shoot anyone who tried to enter. The village survived unscathed.” **_Read original coverage of the Hong Kong outbreak, here in the TIME archives_**: [The Flu Hunters](http://content.time.com/time/subscriber/article/0,33009,987857,00.html "undefined") _Read next:_ [_Why the Government Has Legal Authority to Quarantine_](http://time.com/3457169/government-ebola-quarantine-constitution/?iid=time%5Freadnext "undefined") [_Listen to the most important stories of the day._](http://time.com/newsletter/the-brief/?sl%5Fautoplay=true&xid=spl-fullbrief-article "undefined") ```json [{"@context":"https://schema.org","@type":"NewsArticle","@id":"https://time.com/3731745/spanish-flu-history/","mainEntityOfPage":{"@type":"WebPage","@id":"https://time.com/3731745/spanish-flu-history/"},"headline":"What Made the Spanish Flu so Deadly?","datePublished":"2015-03-11T14:30:48.000Z","dateModified":"2026-05-11T05:05:14.637Z","description":"Mar. 11, 1918: A soldier in Fort Riley, Kans., reports to the infirmary with what will become known as Spanish flu","url":"https://time.com/3731745/spanish-flu-history/","keywords":["health","medicine","flu","epidemic"],"thumbnailUrl":"https://static.time.com/v3/assets/bltea6093859af6183b/blt6549fe3ae6403a91/69878211524fc076bfdecbef/flu.jpeg?branch=production&width=1200&quality=75&auto=webp&crop=1200:675&height=675","author":[{"@type":"Person","name":"Jennifer Latson","jobTitle":null,"url":"https://time.com/author/jennifer-latson/"}],"articleSection":"History","image":[{"@type":"ImageObject","url":"https://static.time.com/v3/assets/bltea6093859af6183b/blt6549fe3ae6403a91/69878211524fc076bfdecbef/flu.jpeg?branch=production&width=1200&quality=75&auto=webp&crop=1200:675&height=675","width":1200,"height":675,"headline":"Red Cross 1918","caption":"Red Cross 1918","creditText":"APIC / Getty Images","representativeOfPage":true}],"publisher":{"@type":"Organization","name":"Time","url":"https://time.com/","logo":{"@type":"ImageObject","url":"https://time.com/images/logo.png","width":528,"height":156},"foundingDate":"March 3, 1923","sameAs":["https://www.facebook.com/time","https://www.instagram.com/time/?hl=en","https://twitter.com/time","https://www.pinterest.com/timemagazine"]}},{"@context":"https://schema.org","@type":"BreadcrumbList","itemListElement":[{"@type":"ListItem","position":1,"item":{"@id":"/section/history/","name":"History"}},{"@type":"ListItem","position":2,"item":{"@id":"/tag/health/","name":"health"}},{"@type":"ListItem","position":3,"item":{"@id":"https://time.com/3731745/spanish-flu-history/","name":"What Made the Spanish Flu so Deadly?"}}]},{"@context":"https://schema.org","@type":"VideoObject","name":"TIME Explains: How the Flu Spreads","description":"TIME reporter Alice Park explains why this year's flu epidemic seems to be peaking early and how to prevent the virus from spreading","thumbnailUrl":"https://cdn.jwplayer.com/v2/media/2Kg50Wb1/poster.jpg?width=720","uploadDate":"2013-01-16T01:13:45.000Z","contentUrl":"https://cdn.jwplayer.com/manifests/2Kg50Wb1.m3u8","embedUrl":"https://time.com/3731745/spanish-flu-history/","duration":"PT2M3S","potentialAction":{"@type":"SeekToAction","target":"https://time.com/3731745/spanish-flu-history/?jw_start={seek_to_second_number}","startOffset-input":"required name=seek_to_second_number"}}] ```