--- title: Super Bowl 2015: Patriots, Deflategate, and the Science of Football description: Scientist Ainissa Ramirez on how coaches can minimize randomness and take risks canonical: https://time.com/3687647/super-bowl-2015-patriots-seahawks-science/ author: Eliana Dockterman article:opinion: false article:content_tier: free article:published_time: 2015-01-30T16:18:11.000Z article:modified_time: 2023-12-13T18:45:56.000Z article:section: Sports og:title: How Science Could Determine Who Wins the Super Bowl og:description: A football science expert on how coaches can minimize randomness and take risks og:url: https://time.com/3687647/super-bowl-2015-patriots-seahawks-science/ og:site_name: TIME og:image: https://static.time.com/v3/assets/bltea6093859af6183b/blte984eab1bfc0c43b/69877c572dce015a0e9dd3a3/457894962.jpg?branch=production&width=1200&quality=75&auto=webp&crop=16:9 og:image:width: 2241 og:image:height: 1261 og:image:alt: Chicago Bears v New England Patriots og:type: article twitter:card: summary_large_image twitter:title: How Science Could Determine Who Wins the Super Bowl twitter:description: A football science expert on how coaches can minimize randomness and take risks twitter:image: https://static.time.com/v3/assets/bltea6093859af6183b/blte984eab1bfc0c43b/69877c572dce015a0e9dd3a3/457894962.jpg?branch=production&width=1200&quality=75&auto=webp&crop=16:9 ---  # How Science Could Determine Who Wins the Super Bowl > Sponsored content. 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Ainissa Ramirez, physicist and author of Newton's Football, talks through why weather can't explain deflate-gate_ by [Eliana Dockterman](https://time.com/author/eliana-dockterman/) and [Francesca Trianni](https://time.com/author/francesca-trianni/) Updated: Dec 13, 2023 6:45 PM UTCPublished: Jan 30, 2015 4:18 PM UTC  Tom Brady #12 of the New England Patriots passes the ball during the second quarter against the Chicago Bears at Gillette Stadium on October 26, 2014 in Foxboro, Massachusetts. Tom Brady #12 of the New England Patriots passes the ball during the second quarter against the Chicago Bears at Gillette Stadium on October 26, 2014 in Foxboro, Massachusetts.Jim Rogash—Getty Images by [Eliana Dockterman](https://time.com/author/eliana-dockterman/) and [Francesca Trianni](https://time.com/author/francesca-trianni/) Updated: Dec 13, 2023 6:45 PM UTCPublished: Jan 30, 2015 4:18 PM UTC Consider the fumble. Unlike a basketball, soccer ball or baseball, a football will never fall the same way twice. Its cone shape causes it to bounce in random directions, and every time the ball is fumbled, players must dive on top of where they think it might be going in an attempt to recover it. It’s the most exciting part of the game—and, it turns out, perhaps the most important. The reason we call a football a pigskin is because the balls were originally made from a pig’s bladder. Those balls were about the same size as today’s but were not as pointy on the ends. The balls only began to take their modern shape—what’s known as a prolate spheroid—after the forward pass was introduced, because it’s easier to throw a pointier ball, even though’s harder to predict what will happen to it when it hits the ground. “These guys are gladiators, the best specimen of humans that we have, but when it comes to the ball being dropped, they’re reduced to kindergartners because they just throw themselves on top of it. That’s the best you can do in terms of recovering this ball,” says Ainissa Ramirez, and scientist and author of the book _Newton’s Football: The Science Behind America’s Game_. **MORE** [How Digital Footballs Could Have Saved Us From Deflategate](http://time.com/3687952/super-bowl-deflategate-digital-pigskin/) It’s a problem for coaches in a game where so much of the play is precise. “Randomness, which is part of this bigger field called chaos theory, is sort of one of the last ways coaches have to beat another team,” says Ramirez. “We studied two different teams that looked pretty much the same on paper, but they had different performances when it came to recovering fumbles. One team did better than the other, and its performance that year was better than the other.” This attempt to control randomness has become particularly important during the Deflategate debate leading up to Super Bowl Sunday. Since 2000, teams that have won the turnover scramble won 79% of their games. Warren Sharp at _Slate_ [argues](http://www.slate.com/articles/sports/sports%5Fnut/2015/01/stats%5Fshow%5Fthe%5Fnew%5Fengland%5Fpatriots%5Fbecame%5Fnearly%5Ffumble%5Fproof%5Fafter%5Fa%5F2006.2.html) that statistics suggest the Patriots—who allegedly used under-inflated balls in the AFC Championship game that clinched their trip to the Super Bowl—have been trying to eliminate fumbles and therefore win more games by deflating balls. He points out that the Patriots have been nearly fumble-free since 2006 and probably not because of any new carrying strategy—players who left New England had drastically worse individual fumble rates after their departure. Without cheating, there’s no real skill that goes into recovering the ball. It depends on luck. So what else can coaches do to win games? One suggestion might be combatting their biological instincts. Why, for example, don’t coaches go for it on a fourth down? It’s a question Ramirez gets a lot, and the the answer, she says, actually has to do with monkeys. She describes one experiment in which scientists taught monkeys how to exchange money for grapes. The monkeys interacted with two people: A generous person and a stingy person. The generous person would show the monkeys one grape; the monkeys would give them money; and the generous person would give them two grapes. The stingy person would show the monkeys three grapes; the monkeys would give them money; and the stingy person would give them two grapes. “In both cases, the monkey got two grapes, but the monkey didn’t like the stingy person at all,” says Ramirez. “They actually quantified this: The monkeys hated the stingy person by 2.5 times.” **MORE** [The Simple Way to Make Football Safer](http://time.com/3686040/super-bowl-nfl-helmets/) Humans have the same instinct: Our dislike of risk is 2.5 times greater than our appreciation of a benefit. “So coaches don’t want to go for it on the fourth down because their sensitivity to risk is higher than the benefits of actually going for it,” says Ramirez. Whatever coach can find (legal) ways to recover fumbles and teach himself to bet against his instincts during the Super Bowl will likely win. ```json [{"@context":"https://schema.org","@type":"NewsArticle","@id":"https://time.com/3687647/super-bowl-2015-patriots-seahawks-science/","mainEntityOfPage":{"@type":"WebPage","@id":"https://time.com/3687647/super-bowl-2015-patriots-seahawks-science/"},"headline":"How Science Could Determine Who Wins the Super Bowl","datePublished":"2015-01-30T16:18:11.000Z","dateModified":"2023-12-13T18:45:56.000Z","description":"A football science expert on how coaches can minimize randomness and take risks","url":"https://time.com/3687647/super-bowl-2015-patriots-seahawks-science/","keywords":["Super Bowl","Football","NFL","Super Bowl"],"thumbnailUrl":"https://static.time.com/v3/assets/bltea6093859af6183b/blte984eab1bfc0c43b/69877c572dce015a0e9dd3a3/457894962.jpg?branch=production&width=1200&quality=75&auto=webp&crop=1200:675&height=675","author":[{"@type":"Person","name":"Eliana Dockterman","jobTitle":"Correspondent","url":"https://time.com/author/eliana-dockterman/"},{"@type":"Person","name":"Francesca Trianni","jobTitle":null,"url":"https://time.com/author/francesca-trianni/"}],"articleSection":"Sports","image":[{"@type":"ImageObject","url":"https://static.time.com/v3/assets/bltea6093859af6183b/blte984eab1bfc0c43b/69877c572dce015a0e9dd3a3/457894962.jpg?branch=production&width=1200&quality=75&auto=webp&crop=1200:675&height=675","width":1200,"height":675,"headline":"Chicago Bears v New England Patriots","caption":"Chicago Bears v New England Patriots","creditText":"Jim Rogash—Getty Images","representativeOfPage":true}],"publisher":{"@type":"Organization","name":"Time","url":"https://time.com/","logo":{"@type":"ImageObject","url":"https://time.com/images/logo.png","width":528,"height":156},"foundingDate":"March 3, 1923","sameAs":["https://www.facebook.com/time","https://www.instagram.com/time/?hl=en","https://twitter.com/time","https://www.pinterest.com/timemagazine"]}},{"@context":"https://schema.org","@type":"BreadcrumbList","itemListElement":[{"@type":"ListItem","position":1,"item":{"@id":"/section/sports/","name":"Sports"}},{"@type":"ListItem","position":2,"item":{"@id":"/tag/super-bowl/","name":"Super Bowl"}},{"@type":"ListItem","position":3,"item":{"@id":"https://time.com/3687647/super-bowl-2015-patriots-seahawks-science/","name":"How Science Could Determine Who Wins the Super Bowl"}}]},{"@context":"https://schema.org","@type":"VideoObject","name":"This Is What Physics Says About Deflategate","description":"Ainissa Ramirez, physicist and author of Newton's Football, talks through why weather can't explain deflate-gate","thumbnailUrl":"https://cdn.jwplayer.com/v2/media/TECrbcbF/poster.jpg?width=720","uploadDate":"2015-01-22T23:26:06.000Z","contentUrl":"https://cdn.jwplayer.com/manifests/TECrbcbF.m3u8","embedUrl":"https://time.com/3687647/super-bowl-2015-patriots-seahawks-science/","duration":"PT1M57S","potentialAction":{"@type":"SeekToAction","target":"https://time.com/3687647/super-bowl-2015-patriots-seahawks-science/?jw_start={seek_to_second_number}","startOffset-input":"required name=seek_to_second_number"}}] ```