--- title: Study: Less-Structured Time Correlates to Kids’ Success description: Research found that young children who spend more time engaging in more open-ended, free-flowing activities display higher levels of executive functioning, and vice versa canonical: https://time.com/2901044/study-kids-structured-time-success/ author: Hannah Goldberg article:opinion: false article:content_tier: free article:published_time: 2014-06-19T18:48:32.000Z article:modified_time: 2026-04-13T08:55:30.882Z og:title: Study: Less-Structured Time Correlates to Kids’ Success og:description: Research found that young children who spend more time engaging in more open-ended, free-flowing activities display higher levels of executive functioning, and vice versa og:url: https://time.com/2901044/study-kids-structured-time-success/ og:site_name: TIME og:image: https://static.time.com/v3/assets/bltea6093859af6183b/bltde093bcdab65f2d0/6988d9b9bc6cfc69913e2a3c/time-logo.jpg?branch=production og:image:width: 1200 og:image:height: 675 og:image:alt: TIME og:type: article twitter:card: summary_large_image twitter:title: Study: Less-Structured Time Correlates to Kids’ Success twitter:description: Research found that young children who spend more time engaging in more open-ended, free-flowing activities display higher levels of executive functioning, and vice versa twitter:image: https://static.time.com/v3/assets/bltea6093859af6183b/bltde093bcdab65f2d0/6988d9b9bc6cfc69913e2a3c/time-logo.jpg?branch=production --- # Study: Less-Structured Time Correlates to Kids' Success > Sponsored content. 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It is a free newsletter available at time.com/newsletters. by [Hannah Goldberg](https://time.com/author/hannah-goldberg/) ## Hannah Goldberg Jun 19, 2014 6:48 PM UTC by [Hannah Goldberg](https://time.com/author/hannah-goldberg/) ## Hannah Goldberg Jun 19, 2014 6:48 PM UTC Parents, drop your planners—a new psychological study released Tuesday found that children with less-structured time are likely to show more “self-directed executive functioning,” otherwise known as the “cognitive processes that regulate thought and action in support of goal-oriented behavior.” Doctoral and undergraduate researchers at University of Colorado, Boulder, followed 70 children ranging from six to seven years old, measuring their activities. A pre-determined classification system categorized activities as physical or non-physical, structured and unstructured. The resulting study, published in the journal [_Frontiers in Psychology_](http://journal.frontiersin.org/Journal/10.3389/fpsyg.2014.00593/full)_,_ was led by Yuko Munakata, a professor in the psychology and neuroscience department at the university. Munakata measured self-directed executive functioning using a verbal fluency test, “a standard measure on how well people can organize direct actions on their own,” she said. The test asked children to name as elements in a particular category, like animals, as they could. “An organized person will group the animals together, listing farm animals, then move on to the next grouping,” Munakata said. “An unorganized person will say ‘cat, dog, mouse’,” providing a disconnected list of animals, inhibiting further recollection. The results indicated that children who spend more time engaging in less-structured activities display higher levels of executive functioning. The converse also proved true: Children in more structured activities displayed lower executive functioning abilities. “Executive function is extremely important for children,” Munakata told [EurekAlert!](http://www.eurekalert.org/pub%5Freleases/2014-06/uoca-kwt061814.php). “It helps them in all kinds of ways throughout their daily lives, from flexibly switching between different activities rather than getting stuck on one thing, to stopping themselves from yelling when angry, to delaying gratification. Executive function during childhood also predicts important outcomes, like academic performance, health, wealth and criminality, years and even decades later.” Munakata added a disclaimer that the study merely proves correlation, not causation. “Right now we don’t know if kids self-directed executive functioning are shaping their time, or if their activities are shaping self-directed executive functioning.” Causation is the next piece of the puzzle, and will undoubtedly be the focus of a future longitudinal study. Until then, parents looking for the perfect balance for their kids have something else to chew on. ```json [{"@context":"https://schema.org","@type":"NewsArticle","@id":"https://time.com/2901044/study-kids-structured-time-success/","mainEntityOfPage":{"@type":"WebPage","@id":"https://time.com/2901044/study-kids-structured-time-success/"},"headline":"Study: Less-Structured Time Correlates to Kids' Success","datePublished":"2014-06-19T18:48:32.000Z","dateModified":"2026-04-13T08:55:30.882Z","description":"Research found that young children who spend more time engaging in more open-ended, free-flowing activities display higher levels of executive functioning, and vice versa","url":"https://time.com/2901044/study-kids-structured-time-success/","keywords":["Living","Parents","Family","Research"],"thumbnailUrl":"","author":[{"@type":"Person","name":"Hannah Goldberg","jobTitle":null,"url":"https://time.com/author/hannah-goldberg/"}],"articleSection":"","image":[],"publisher":{"@type":"Organization","name":"Time","url":"https://time.com/","logo":{"@type":"ImageObject","url":"https://time.com/images/logo.png","width":528,"height":156},"foundingDate":"March 3, 1923","sameAs":["https://www.facebook.com/time","https://www.instagram.com/time/?hl=en","https://twitter.com/time","https://www.pinterest.com/timemagazine"]}},{"@context":"https://schema.org","@type":"BreadcrumbList","itemListElement":[{"@type":"ListItem","position":1,"item":{"@id":"/tag/time-section-living/","name":"Living"}},{"@type":"ListItem","position":2,"item":{"@id":"https://time.com/2901044/study-kids-structured-time-success/","name":"Study: Less-Structured Time Correlates to Kids' Success"}}]}] ```