--- title: Steroids and Muscle: The Body Image Epidemic Facing Men description: Movie and video game depictions of ultra-buff men may be encouraging millions of real-world guys to take anabolic steroids. canonical: https://time.com/4622653/men-body-image-muscle-steroids/ author: Markham Heid article:opinion: false article:content_tier: free article:published_time: 2017-01-05T20:03:59.000Z article:modified_time: 2026-08-04T07:49:13.491Z article:section: Health og:title: The Body Image Epidemic Facing Men og:description: Movie and video game depictions of ultra-buff men may be encouraging millions of real-world guys to take anabolic steroids. og:url: https://time.com/4622653/men-body-image-muscle-steroids/ og:site_name: TIME og:image: https://static.time.com/v3/assets/bltea6093859af6183b/blt0d1652eaad718b74/6988b484f887dc28ece989c7/men-muscular-obsessed.jpg?branch=production&width=1200&quality=75&auto=webp&crop=16:9 og:image:width: 2560 og:image:height: 1440 og:image:alt: Silhouette of a strong fighter og:type: article twitter:card: summary_large_image twitter:title: The Body Image Epidemic Facing Men twitter:description: Movie and video game depictions of ultra-buff men may be encouraging millions of real-world guys to take anabolic steroids. twitter:image: https://static.time.com/v3/assets/bltea6093859af6183b/blt0d1652eaad718b74/6988b484f887dc28ece989c7/men-muscular-obsessed.jpg?branch=production&width=1200&quality=75&auto=webp&crop=16:9 ---  # Why Men Have More Body Image Issues Than Ever > Sponsored content. 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He is the author of The Habit Trap, due out in early 2027. Jan 5, 2017 8:03 PM UTC  Silhouette of a strong fighter. Confident young fitness man with strong hands and clenched fists. Dramatic light. Silhouette of a strong fighter. Confident young fitness man with strong hands and clenched fists. Dramatic light.Getty Images by [Markham Heid](https://time.com/author/markham-heid/) ## Markham Heid Markham Heid is a contributor at TIME. He is the author of The Habit Trap, due out in early 2027. Jan 5, 2017 8:03 PM UTC Superheroes today are a lot more shredded than they used to be. The original Superman and Batman look almost willowy compared to our muscle-bursting modern-day versions. That’s no coincidence. America is in the midst of a cultural shift in terms of the ideal male body image, and as the ideal man grows more muscular, men stuck in the real world with real bodies are growing less satisfied with theirs—with potentially dangerous medical consequences. “If you think about the changes over the last 30 to 45 years in how men are depicted in Hollywood, cartoons, magazines and action toys, you’ll see that men’s bodies \[today\] appear much more muscular,” says Dr. Harrison Pope, director of the Biological Psychiatry Laboratory at McLean Hospital in Massachusetts. These unrealistic media images have contributed to low body image satisfaction among men—usually just considered a problem for women. A [study](http://motto.time.com/4352400/men-women-body-image/) last year found that American men are just as likely as women to feel unsatisfied with their physiques, while another [study](http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/eat.22592/full) found adolescent boys who are dissatisfied with their body shape may be more likely than girls to self-criticize and feel distress. Studies have even shown that men feel worse about their bodies after playing [video games](https://www.researchgate.net/publication/262570016%5FVirtual%5Fideals%5FThe%5Feffect%5Fof%5Fvideo%5Fgame%5Fplay%5Fon%5Fmale%5Fbody%5Fimage) with ripped characters. “There’s this drumbeat that muscularity equals masculinity, and so we’re seeing more and more young men with muscle dysmorphia,” says Pope. The consequences of this kind of thinking can be dangerous. As more and more men hit the gym in the hopes of transforming themselves into the Rock, many are also turning to anabolic steroids to achieve the muscle mass they associate with masculinity. Up to 4 million Americans—nearly all of them male—have tried steroids at some point, according to Pope’s recent [research](http://jamanetwork.com/journals/jama/article-abstract/2592911). “There’s a widespread misperception that anabolic steroid use is an issue of cheating in sports, but the vast majority of anabolic steroid users in this country are not athletes,” says Shalender Bhasin, a men’s health researcher at Brigham and Women’s Hospital and Pope’s co-author on a new [article](http://jamanetwork.com/journals/jama/article-abstract/2592911) in the _Journal of the American Medical Association_. “Most young men using these drugs are doing it to improve their appearance.” The potential side effects of anabolic steroids include premature death and [neurobehavioral disturbances](https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21290409), like problems with thinking and attention. But Pope says the links to heart problems are the most worrying. “There’s a growing body of literature that suggests long-term steroid use can cause cardio myopathy, where the heart doesn’t pump or fill with blood efficiently.” That could lead to heart attack or stroke, he says. It’s not yet clear just how significant these heart risks are, because steroid use is a relatively new phenomenon. Pope says few men used them before the 1980s, and those early adopters are just now hitting their 50s and 60s—ages when heart problems take their toll. Another big risk of steroid use is hormone dysfunction. “If you’re taking steroids, your body sees all this testosterone coming in from the outside, and so it stops producing it,” Pope explains. Bhasin says that can lead to psychiatric problems, from “roid rage” to suicidal thoughts. Also, when men stop using steroids, their bodies’ [testosterone production](http://time.com/3062889/manopause-aging-insecurity-and-the-2-billion-testosterone-industry/?pcd=hp-magmod) often struggles to ramp back up. The resulting lack of the sex hormone can lead to depression, irritability, erectile dysfunction, low sex drive and more, Pope explains. Few doctors or psychologists realize how common steroid use and abuse has become, say Pope and Bhasin, and almost none are trained to treat steroid addiction or dependence. Men taking steroids who want to quit therefore have few professional resources, which may lead many to go back on steroids or try other substances—like cocaine or opioids—in order to feel better, Bhasin says. “Until we see greater awareness of this problem and more attention paid to treating it,” Pope says, “most of these men are on their own.” ```json [{"@context":"https://schema.org","@type":"NewsArticle","@id":"https://time.com/4622653/men-body-image-muscle-steroids/","mainEntityOfPage":{"@type":"WebPage","@id":"https://time.com/4622653/men-body-image-muscle-steroids/"},"headline":"Why Men Have More Body Image Issues Than Ever","datePublished":"2017-01-05T20:03:59.000Z","dateModified":"2026-08-04T07:49:13.491Z","description":"How Hollywood ideals are messing with men’s heads, leading real-world guys to take dangerous drugs","url":"https://time.com/4622653/men-body-image-muscle-steroids/","keywords":["Mental Health/Psychology","Exercise","Body Image","testosterone","Workout","steroids"],"thumbnailUrl":"https://static.time.com/v3/assets/bltea6093859af6183b/blt0d1652eaad718b74/6988b484f887dc28ece989c7/men-muscular-obsessed.jpg?branch=production&width=1200&quality=75&auto=webp&crop=1200:675&height=675","author":[{"@type":"Person","name":"Markham Heid","jobTitle":"","url":"https://time.com/author/markham-heid/"}],"articleSection":"Health","image":[{"@type":"ImageObject","url":"https://static.time.com/v3/assets/bltea6093859af6183b/blt0d1652eaad718b74/6988b484f887dc28ece989c7/men-muscular-obsessed.jpg?branch=production&width=1200&quality=75&auto=webp&crop=1200:675&height=675","width":1200,"height":675,"headline":"Silhouette of a strong fighter","caption":"Silhouette of a strong fighter","creditText":"Getty Images","representativeOfPage":true}],"publisher":{"@type":"Organization","name":"Time","url":"https://time.com/","logo":{"@type":"ImageObject","url":"https://time.com/images/logo.png","width":528,"height":156},"foundingDate":"March 3, 1923","sameAs":["https://www.facebook.com/time","https://www.instagram.com/time/?hl=en","https://twitter.com/time","https://www.pinterest.com/timemagazine"]}},{"@context":"https://schema.org","@type":"BreadcrumbList","itemListElement":[{"@type":"ListItem","position":1,"item":{"@id":"/section/health/","name":"Health"}},{"@type":"ListItem","position":2,"item":{"@id":"/tag/mental-healthpsychology/","name":"Mental Health/Psychology"}},{"@type":"ListItem","position":3,"item":{"@id":"https://time.com/4622653/men-body-image-muscle-steroids/","name":"Why Men Have More Body Image Issues Than Ever"}}]},{"@context":"https://schema.org","@type":"VideoObject","name":"Batman v Superman- Dawn of Justice - Official Final Trailer [HD]","description":"Batman v Superman- Dawn of Justice - Official Final Trailer [HD]","thumbnailUrl":"https://cdn.jwplayer.com/v2/media/uwwtAzhu/poster.jpg?width=720","uploadDate":"2016-02-11T16:50:53.000Z","contentUrl":"https://cdn.jwplayer.com/manifests/uwwtAzhu.m3u8","embedUrl":"https://time.com/4622653/men-body-image-muscle-steroids/","duration":"PT2M12S","potentialAction":{"@type":"SeekToAction","target":"https://time.com/4622653/men-body-image-muscle-steroids/?jw_start={seek_to_second_number}","startOffset-input":"required name=seek_to_second_number"}}] ```