--- title: Earliest Humans Found in China description: Europe and the Middle East finish a distant second canonical: https://time.com/4071342/earliest-humans-china/ author: Jeffrey Kluger article:opinion: false article:content_tier: free article:published_time: 2015-10-14T17:01:22.000Z article:modified_time: 2026-05-11T05:01:16.779Z article:section: Science og:title: Proof That the First Modern Humans Were Chinese og:description: Europe and the Middle East were not the first places modern humans settled og:url: https://time.com/4071342/earliest-humans-china/ og:site_name: TIME og:image: https://static.time.com/v3/assets/bltea6093859af6183b/blt924e822438aa8dee/6988680ea988cacbbb6b4c7e/early-human-teeth-fossil-fuyan.jpg?branch=production&width=889&quality=75&auto=webp&crop=16:9 og:image:width: 889 og:image:height: 500 og:image:alt: Early Human Teeth Fossils Fuyan Cave og:type: article twitter:card: summary_large_image twitter:title: Proof That the First Modern Humans Were Chinese twitter:description: Europe and the Middle East were not the first places modern humans settled twitter:image: https://static.time.com/v3/assets/bltea6093859af6183b/blt924e822438aa8dee/6988680ea988cacbbb6b4c7e/early-human-teeth-fossil-fuyan.jpg?branch=production&width=889&quality=75&auto=webp&crop=16:9 ---  # Here's Proof That the First Modern Humans Were Chinese > Sponsored content. 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It reaches 40,000 subscribers with a 34.2% open rate and a 2.1% click rate as of August 2026. #### Where can I follow the energy transition as a business story? Future Proof covers climate and energy as an economic and business story rather than only an environmental one. It publishes every Friday and is free at time.com/newsletters. #### Who writes Future Proof? Justin Worland, a senior correspondent at TIME and an award-winning climate journalist, writes Future Proof. #### Is Future Proof free? Yes. Future Proof is free at time.com/newsletters.  by [Jeffrey Kluger](https://time.com/author/jeffrey-kluger/)  ## Jeffrey Kluger Editor at Large Oct 14, 2015 5:01 PM UTC  47 human teeth found from the Fuyan Cave, Daoxian 47 human teeth found from the Fuyan Cave, Daoxian S. Xing and X-J. Wu  by [Jeffrey Kluger](https://time.com/author/jeffrey-kluger/)  ## Jeffrey Kluger Editor at Large Oct 14, 2015 5:01 PM UTC Europe has gotten used to eating China’s dust—economically, militarily, geopolitically. Now it appears Beijing beats Brussels anthropologically too. Never mind all that bragging Europe has always done about being the earliest cradle of modern humans—an honor it has shared with the Middle East. According to a [new study](http://nature.com/articles/doi:10.1038/nature15696) just published in Nature, China wins at that game too—by a lot. The announcement comes from a discovery made by a team of researchers—led by paleoanthropologist Wu Liu, of the Chinese Academy of Sciences—in Fuyan Cave in southern China. Despite its name, the Fuyan formation is not a mere cave, but instead a three-tier complex of caves, connected by tunnels. Together they comprise a volume of more than 100,000 cu. ft. (3,000 cu. meters). Over the course of two digging seasons, from 2011 and 2013, Wu and his team explored the chambers, exhaustively excavating all three.  Geographical location and interior views of the Fuyan Cave, Doaxian with dating sample (lower left), plan view of the excavation area with stratigraphy layer marked (center), the spatial relationship of the excavated regions and researcher finding human tooth (right). Y-J Cai, X-X Yang, and X-J Wu The deepest one contained no remains of either humans or animals. The top one yielded a scattering of non-human mammal fossils. The middle chamber, however, was an archaeological jackpot. In addition to still more non-human mammals, that space also contained 47 exquisitely preserved teeth that were unmistakably human. Finding early humans in southern China was not, by itself, an anthropological earthquake. Multiple migration routes can account for how _homo sapiens_ first found their way there, including a route through Java, which was once home to homo erectus, one of many human ancestors. But those routes always put the _homo sapiens_‘ arrival in China at less than 45,000 years ago, after the species had already reached Europe. Uranium-thorium radiometric dating, however—the type typically used to determine the age of the calcium carbonate in teeth—puts the new fossils at somewhere between 80,000 to 120,000 years old, blowing the doors off the European date. Dating the teeth was not the whole story, of course. It took human analysts to determine if they were indeed modern—and the evidence was overwhelming. The Fuyan teeth are smaller than those of earlier humans, and much closer in size to those of fully modern _homo sapiens_. Grooves on the canines, premolars and molars, as well as characteristic bulging on the buccal—or cheek-facing sides—of the teeth, also put them squarely in the modern mold. The shape of their roots also distinguish the teeth from those of earlier humans as well as from Neanderthals. Taken together, the researchers write, the analyses of the teeth are “the earliest and soundest evidence of definitely modern humans in southern China at least 80,000 years ago.” While we know the humans found by Wu Liu’s team were modern chronologically speaking, the investigators reach no conclusions about how technologically advanced the Fuyan cave people were. The presence of so many mammal bones—38 species in all were identified—may suggest butchering, but no stone tools have been found so far. They also can’t say for certain why it took modern humans so much longer to establish a foothold elsewhere in the world. The _Neanderthals_, however, might be the answer, representing what the paper calls an “ecological barrier” to _homo sapiens_ in Europe, competing for food and space and even breeding across species, entangling their genes. It wasn’t until the Neanderthals were finally in decline that modern humans could fully thrive. China—then as now—might have simply turned out to be a bigger and more promising market. ### See the Human Body Under a Microscope  Adrenaline crystals (polarized light micrographs) Reprinted with permission from Science is Beautiful © 2014 by Batsford, an imprint of Pavilion Books Company Limited  Balancing stone from inner ear (colored scanning electron micrograph) Reprinted with permission from Science is Beautiful © 2014 by Batsford, an imprint of Pavilion Books Company Limited  Blood clot (colored scanning electron micrograph) Reprinted with permission from Science is Beautiful © 2014 by Batsford, an imprint of Pavilion Books Company Limited  Breast cancer (light micrograph) Reprinted with permission from Science is Beautiful © 2014 by Batsford, an imprint of Pavilion Books Company Limited  Insulin crystals (polarized light micrograph) Reprinted with permission from Science is Beautiful © 2014 by Batsford, an imprint of Pavilion Books Company Limited  Melatonin crystals (polarized light micrograph) Reprinted with permission from Science is Beautiful © 2014 by Batsford, an imprint of Pavilion Books Company Limited  Penicillium fungus (colored scanning electron micrograph) Reprinted with permission from Science is Beautiful © 2014 by Batsford, an imprint of Pavilion Books Company Limited  Serotonin crystals (polarized light micrograph) Reprinted with permission from Science is Beautiful © 2014 by Batsford, an imprint of Pavilion Books Company Limited  Vaginal cancer cells (colored scanning electron micrograph) Reprinted with permission from Science is Beautiful © 2014 by Batsford, an imprint of Pavilion Books Company Limited  Ventolin crystals (colred scanning electron micrographs) Reprinted with permission from Science is Beautiful © 2014 by Batsford, an imprint of Pavilion Books Company Limited ```json [{"@context":"https://schema.org","@type":"NewsArticle","@id":"https://time.com/4071342/earliest-humans-china/","mainEntityOfPage":{"@type":"WebPage","@id":"https://time.com/4071342/earliest-humans-china/"},"headline":"Here's Proof That the First Modern Humans Were Chinese","datePublished":"2015-10-14T17:01:22.000Z","dateModified":"2026-05-11T05:01:16.779Z","description":"Never mind what you've heard, Europe and the Middle East were nowhere near the first places modern humans settled","url":"https://time.com/4071342/earliest-humans-china/","keywords":["anthropology","europe","China","Middle East"],"thumbnailUrl":"https://static.time.com/v3/assets/bltea6093859af6183b/blt924e822438aa8dee/6988680ea988cacbbb6b4c7e/early-human-teeth-fossil-fuyan.jpg?branch=production&width=1200&quality=75&auto=webp&crop=1200:675&height=675","author":[{"@type":"Person","name":"Jeffrey Kluger","jobTitle":"Editor at Large","url":"https://time.com/author/jeffrey-kluger/"}],"articleSection":"Science","image":[{"@type":"ImageObject","url":"https://static.time.com/v3/assets/bltea6093859af6183b/blt924e822438aa8dee/6988680ea988cacbbb6b4c7e/early-human-teeth-fossil-fuyan.jpg?branch=production&width=1200&quality=75&auto=webp&crop=1200:675&height=675","width":1200,"height":675,"headline":"Early Human Teeth Fossils Fuyan Cave","caption":"47 human teeth found from the Fuyan Cave, Daoxian","creditText":"S. 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