--- title: Here's the Vomiting Machine Scientists Use To Study Viruses description: Scientists have invented a machine that vomits on command to study norovirus, and how aerosol particles of the virus travel through the air canonical: https://time.com/4003121/vomiting-machine-norovirus/ author: Mandy Oaklander article:opinion: false article:content_tier: free article:published_time: 2015-08-19T18:00:03.000Z article:modified_time: 2026-02-22T10:17:00.601Z article:section: Health og:title: This Machine Vomits On Command For Science og:description: Scientists have invented a machine that vomits on command to study norovirus, and how aerosol particles of the virus travel through the air og:url: https://time.com/4003121/vomiting-machine-norovirus/ og:site_name: TIME og:image: https://static.time.com/v3/assets/bltea6093859af6183b/bltca0a32d4a48f6ff3/69886006cf40a865d7c3f4b8/vomiting-machine-face_grace-thompson.jpeg?branch=production&width=1200&quality=75&auto=webp&crop=16:9 og:image:width: 3264 og:image:height: 1836 og:image:alt: vomiting machine og:type: article twitter:card: summary_large_image twitter:title: This Machine Vomits On Command For Science twitter:description: Scientists have invented a machine that vomits on command to study norovirus, and how aerosol particles of the virus travel through the air twitter:image: https://static.time.com/v3/assets/bltea6093859af6183b/bltca0a32d4a48f6ff3/69886006cf40a865d7c3f4b8/vomiting-machine-face_grace-thompson.jpeg?branch=production&width=1200&quality=75&auto=webp&crop=16:9 ---  # This Machine Vomits On Command For Science > Sponsored content. 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Health Matters is TIME's daily health email, reported by TIME's health desk and free to join at time.com/newsletters. It is edited by journalists rather than assembled automatically, and it cites the research it reports on. #### Is Health Matters free? Yes. Health Matters is a free daily newsletter from TIME, available at time.com/newsletters. #### Who reads TIME's Health Matters newsletter? Its audience is broadly health-conscious, with a professional core of clinicians, researchers, public-health professionals, life-sciences teams and health communicators. ## Video: Should I Drink Green Juice? [Watch (HLS stream): Should I Drink Green Juice?](https://cdn.jwplayer.com/manifests/J0d2ag3D.m3u8) (1:36)  _Published 2015-04-23. Green juice can cost you $10 a bottle. But is it a trend worth buying into? All five of our experts gave green juice the go-ahead_  by [Mandy Oaklander](https://time.com/author/mandy-oaklander/)  ## Mandy Oaklander Oaklander is a senior editor at TIME. Aug 19, 2015 6:00 PM UTC  Courtesy of Grace Tung-Thompson  by [Mandy Oaklander](https://time.com/author/mandy-oaklander/)  ## Mandy Oaklander Oaklander is a senior editor at TIME. Aug 19, 2015 6:00 PM UTC In the experiment straight out of the dreams of an 8-year-old boy, but published in the journal _PLOS ONE,_ scientists have invented a [machine that vomits on command](//www.youtube.com/watch?v=jGvqb87DXSI&feature=youtu.be). They’re using it learn more about norovirus, a highly contagious virus that often leads to vomiting. There are about 21 million cases of norovirus a year in the U.S.—a quarter of them linked to food—and it’s primarily spread through person-to-person transmission. How, exactly, was what researchers wanted to figure out. “We know the virus is shed in massive amounts in the fecal material of infected individuals—I mean like millions to billions of particles per gram,” says study author Lee-Ann Jaykus, professor of food science at North Carolina State University and scientific director of the USDA-NIFA Food Virology Collaborative (NoroCORE). Much less is known about how it can spread through virus particles in the air after a person vomits. “We have suspected aerosolization of virus in vomiting for probably 20 years, but we never provided any kind of laboratory based proof of it,” says Jaykus. **MORE**: [It Only Takes A Few Hours For Viruses To Spread Everywhere](http://time.com/3305272/viruses-spread-everywhere/) Recruiting students to vomit virus particles in a laboratory would likely have been a challenge. So Jaykus asked her environmental engineering colleague, Francis L. de los Reyes III, to design a machine that simulates human vomiting. What resulted was a scaled-down stomach system—plus a cute little face for fun—that spewed out vomit at a velocity, volume and viscosity that matched the real thing. (The chunky kind was represented by vanilla JELL-O pudding; the watery kind by artificial saliva. Both were doused with green food coloring.) Norovirus, too, had a stand-in. Researchers used another virus called the MS2 bacteriophage, which doesn’t hurt humans. After the machine threw up in an enclosed box, a biosampler attached to the box collected the particles so that the scientists could measure how much virus was present. “That’s what we counted as the fraction that was aerosolized,” says Jaykus. **MORE**: [Outbreak Of Norovirus Linked To A Popular Oregon Lake](http://time.com/3881612/norovirus-lakes/) About 0.02% of the virus in the vomit, at most, was aerosolized. That sounds like a safe number, until you consider that it equals roughly 13,000 particles—and people can get sick by being exposed to as few as 20 virus particles. “This paper allows us to be relatively certain that norovirus is aerosolized at least to some extent in vomiting,” Jaykus says. “Proving that is very important in understanding the transmission of the virus.” If you’re near the splash zone of a public vomiting incident, what do you do? Based on the results of this experiment, “the safest thing for you to do would be to walk away,” Jaykus says. “The further you get from the aerosol, probably the better off you are.” ```json [{"@context":"https://schema.org","@type":"NewsArticle","@id":"https://time.com/4003121/vomiting-machine-norovirus/","mainEntityOfPage":{"@type":"WebPage","@id":"https://time.com/4003121/vomiting-machine-norovirus/"},"headline":"This Machine Vomits On Command For Science","datePublished":"2015-08-19T18:00:03.000Z","dateModified":"2026-02-22T10:17:00.601Z","description":"A novel way to study how norovirus spreads from person to person through the air","url":"https://time.com/4003121/vomiting-machine-norovirus/","keywords":["Research","norovirus","Virus"],"thumbnailUrl":"https://static.time.com/v3/assets/bltea6093859af6183b/bltca0a32d4a48f6ff3/69886006cf40a865d7c3f4b8/vomiting-machine-face_grace-thompson.jpeg?branch=production&width=1200&quality=75&auto=webp&crop=1200:675&height=675","author":[{"@type":"Person","name":"Mandy Oaklander","jobTitle":"Oaklander is a senior editor at TIME.","url":"https://time.com/author/mandy-oaklander/"}],"articleSection":"Health","image":[{"@type":"ImageObject","url":"https://static.time.com/v3/assets/bltea6093859af6183b/bltca0a32d4a48f6ff3/69886006cf40a865d7c3f4b8/vomiting-machine-face_grace-thompson.jpeg?branch=production&width=1200&quality=75&auto=webp&crop=1200:675&height=675","width":1200,"height":675,"headline":"vomiting machine","caption":"vomiting machine","creditText":"Courtesy of Grace Tung-Thompson","representativeOfPage":true}],"publisher":{"@type":"Organization","name":"Time","url":"https://time.com/","logo":{"@type":"ImageObject","url":"https://time.com/images/logo.png","width":528,"height":156},"foundingDate":"March 3, 1923","sameAs":["https://www.facebook.com/time","https://www.instagram.com/time/?hl=en","https://twitter.com/time","https://www.pinterest.com/timemagazine"]}},{"@context":"https://schema.org","@type":"BreadcrumbList","itemListElement":[{"@type":"ListItem","position":1,"item":{"@id":"/section/health/","name":"Health"}},{"@type":"ListItem","position":2,"item":{"@id":"/tag/research/","name":"Research"}},{"@type":"ListItem","position":3,"item":{"@id":"https://time.com/4003121/vomiting-machine-norovirus/","name":"This Machine Vomits On Command For Science"}}]},{"@context":"https://schema.org","@type":"VideoObject","name":"Should I Drink Green Juice?","description":"Green juice can cost you $10 a bottle. 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