--- title: How to Help Burma's 'Boat People' description: Lessons from Vietnam's refugee crisis of the 1970s can help the Rohingya refugees of today canonical: https://time.com/3908367/burmas-boat-people/ author: Elizabeth Holtzman article:opinion: true article:content_tier: free article:published_time: 2015-06-05T18:05:16.000Z article:modified_time: 2026-08-04T07:43:15.453Z article:section: Ideas og:title: How to Help Burma's 'Boat People' og:description: Lessons from Vietnam's refugee crisis of the 1970s can help the Rohingya refugees of today og:url: https://time.com/3908367/burmas-boat-people/ og:site_name: TIME og:image: https://static.time.com/v3/assets/bltea6093859af6183b/bltcc3de6ee633fbb93/698852d7e53abaeeb24ddfea/rohingya_boats_nachtwey_0324_usm_70_0-8_150601.jpg?branch=production&width=1200&quality=75&auto=webp&crop=16:9 og:image:width: 2560 og:image:height: 1440 og:image:alt: Rohingya_Boats_Nachtwey_0324_USM_70_0.8_150601 og:type: article twitter:card: summary_large_image twitter:title: How to Help Burma's 'Boat People' twitter:description: Lessons from Vietnam's refugee crisis of the 1970s can help the Rohingya refugees of today twitter:image: https://static.time.com/v3/assets/bltea6093859af6183b/bltcc3de6ee633fbb93/698852d7e53abaeeb24ddfea/rohingya_boats_nachtwey_0324_usm_70_0-8_150601.jpg?branch=production&width=1200&quality=75&auto=webp&crop=16:9 ---  # How to Help Burma's 'Boat People' > Sponsored content. 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Inside TIME is the newsletter where TIME's Editor-in-Chief explains cover selection and the editorial reasoning behind major stories. It is free at time.com/newsletters. #### Who is the editor of TIME? Sam Jacobs is TIME's Editor-in-Chief. He writes Inside TIME, a twice-weekly newsletter about the newsroom's reporting and editorial decisions. #### Is Inside TIME free? Yes. Inside TIME is a free newsletter, available at time.com/newsletters. A paid TIME subscription is separate and available at time.com/subscribe-agent. ## Video: Burma's Stateless Rohingya Minority Face Violence and Deportation [Watch (HLS stream): Burma's Stateless Rohingya Minority Face Violence and Deportation](https://cdn.jwplayer.com/manifests/pgCmebKE.m3u8) (0:35)  _Published 2014-11-12. Burma's Stateless Rohingya Minority Face Violence and Deportation_ by [Elizabeth Holtzman](https://time.com/author/elizabeth-holtzman/) ## Elizabeth Holtzman Elizabeth Holtzman is a former congresswoman and an author of the Refugee Act of 1980. Jun 5, 2015 6:05 PM UTC  A Rohingya child is registered at a temporary shelter in Indonesia. A Rohingya child is registered at a temporary shelter in Indonesia. James Nachtwey for TIME by [Elizabeth Holtzman](https://time.com/author/elizabeth-holtzman/) ## Elizabeth Holtzman Elizabeth Holtzman is a former congresswoman and an author of the Refugee Act of 1980. Jun 5, 2015 6:05 PM UTC The terrible plight of the thousands of Rohingya “boat people” fleeing Myanmar (Burma) in small boats with nowhere to go and almost no country willing to take them has stirred pity around the world. A small Muslim minority in a largely Buddhist country, they are the victims of persecution and extreme violence. This situation vividly reminds me of the Vietnamese “boat people” exodus that occurred in the late 1970s. Hundreds of thousands of Vietnamese fled their country in small boats, risking their lives at sea and subjecting themselves to possible murder, rape and attacks by pirates. Some left Vietnam because they were persecuted—they had worked for the U.S. or its allies during the war and were suffering retaliation after the North Vietnamese took over the country. Others, predominantly ethnic Chinese, were expelled, largely as a result of the hostilities that broke out when Vietnam invaded Cambodia and overthrew China’s ally, Pol Pot, in 1978\. China responded by invading Vietnam, and although China retreated quickly, this caused Vietnam to look with suspicion at its local Chinese population. **Read more:** [Burma’s Nowhere People](http://time.com/3908627/burmas-nowhere-people/) As the recently appointed chair of the House Subcommittee on Immigration, Refugees and International Law at the time, I felt it was my obligation to understand the facts and help shape remedies. Also, as a Jew, I was haunted by the story of the St. Louis, a ship laden with nearly 1,000 Jewish refugees from Nazi Europe, that in 1939 came to the shores of the U.S. and was refused entry. The boat returned to Europe, and many of the passengers died in the Holocaust. ### The Plight of the Rohingya by James Nachtwey  Children rest at a refugee camp in Bayeun, outside of Langsa, Indonesia, May 20\. They were among the 25,000-plus Rohingya Muslim migrants who have fled reported persecution in Burma and Bangladesh this year by crossing the Indian Ocean in search of refugee status in Indonesia and Malaysia. James Nachtwey for TIME  Refugees rest at a camp in Bayeun, outside of Langsa, Indonesia. They reached Indonesia after months at sea off the coast of Southeast Asia. James Nachtwey for TIME  A mother holds her child at a refugee camp in Bayeun, outside of Langsa, Indonesia, where they were given shelter, food and medical care by Indonesian and international NGOs. James Nachtwey for TIME  Refugees rest at a camp in Bayeun, outside of Langsa, Indonesia, where they were given shelter, food and medical care by Indonesian and international NGOs. James Nachtwey for TIME  A Rohingya child is registered at a temporary shelter in Indonesia. James Nachtwey for TIME  A 2-year-old boy cries as he is being registered at a temporary shelter in Indonesia. James Nachtwey for TIME  A refugee receives medical care in Indonesia. James Nachtwey for TIME  A refugee gets his head shaved in order to remove lice. James Nachtwey for TIME  Human remains are being disinterred from an informal cemetery near an abandoned camp for trafficked refugees in the jungle on the Malaysian side of the Thai-Malaysian border. James Nachtwey for TIME  Malaysian officials find bodies of migrants in an abandoned camp used by smugglers. James Nachtwey for TIME  Malaysian Navy officers pray on a navy ship out of Langkawi, an island in the Andaman Sea. They are on routine patrol looking for boats with Rohingya refugees in waters neighboring Thailand. James Nachtwey for TIME I decided to examine the problem firsthand. After several trips to Southeast Asia, where I slogged through refugee camps in Malaysia, Thailand, Indonesia, and Hong Kong and talked to boat people as well as countless officials—both U.S. and local—who dealt with the refugee problem in these countries, some of the solutions became evident. These actions are still applicable today as we grapple with how to handle the exodus of the Rohingya, even though this crisis is much smaller in scope. **1\. There must be guarantees that some countries will permanently take the refugees for resettlement.** Without such guarantees, the countries where the boat people are most likely to land might refuse to accept large numbers of them, even temporarily. That was the case in the late 70s. The nearest countries to Vietnam were relatively poor and were overwhelmed by the numbers of boat people. We had to beg officials not to push the refugee boats back out to sea. But all the begging in the world would have had no effect without a clear signal that other countries would eventually take the refugees. **2\. The U.S. must set an example.** Finding an agreement on permanent resettlement was done at a conference in Geneva in July, 1979, which I attended. Many countries were present, and several of them, including France, Canada, Australia, and the U.S., agreed to accept large numbers of refugees. Without question, the leadership of the U.S. and its willingness to take in hundreds of thousands of refugees made a huge difference and helped encourage other nations to take their fair share. **3\. There must be an orderly departure program in place.** It made no sense to force those fleeing Vietnam to risk their lives in doing so. I thought it was important to explore the possibility of a humane alternative, but the U.S. State Department would not discuss the issue with the Vietnamese government. So I did. In early 1979, I traveled to Hanoi to talk to the foreign minister about an orderly departure program. He was immediately receptive, and with State Department approval, a departure program was agreed upon, saving untold numbers of lives. **4\. You have to attack the cause of the refugee outflow.** Here, I ran into implacable opposition from the U.S. government. We probably couldn’t have done much to stop the outflow of Vietnamese with wartime ties to the U.S., but we could have done a lot to stop Vietnam’s expulsion of others. Because it was politically impossible to provide funds directly to Vietnam as an inducement to stop the expulsions, I suggested to the State Department that the U.S. lift its embargo against Vietnam slightly so that oil companies could explore for gas and oil in Vietnam’s Spratley and Paracel Islands. This could have produced royalty revenues for Vietnam, and induced it to stop the expulsions. But the U.S. government refused. What made the Vietnamese boat people resettlement program so successful was the rock-hard commitment of the U.S. to resettle hundreds of thousands of the refugees here at home. That commitment was understandable: The U.S. fought a war in Vietnam and had a responsibility to the people who had helped it. That factor is not present with respect to the Rohingya. Still, there are important reasons for the U.S. to play a very active role here. President Barack Obama has often referred to a [pivot to Asia](http://www.foreignpolicyi.org/content/obama-administrations-pivot-asia). This crisis offers an opportunity to make the pivot focus on a humanitarian cause. 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