--- title: Astronomers Closer to Understanding Dark Matter description: A new discovery might help astronomers understand the most elusive substance in the Universe: dark matter canonical: https://time.com/2925409/dark-matter-universe-xray-nasa-esa/ author: Melissa Hellmann article:opinion: false article:content_tier: free article:published_time: 2014-06-26T09:29:18.000Z article:modified_time: 2026-02-21T08:38:07.970Z article:section: Science og:title: Astronomers Closer to Understanding Dark Matter og:description: A new discovery might help astronomers understand the most elusive substance in the Universe: dark matter og:url: https://time.com/2925409/dark-matter-universe-xray-nasa-esa/ og:site_name: TIME og:image: https://static.time.com/v3/assets/bltea6093859af6183b/blt319b0d72631424f0/69869953810bbb6be1c925a5/179800515.jpg?branch=production&width=1200&quality=75&auto=webp&crop=16:9 og:image:width: 4180 og:image:height: 2351 og:image:alt: In the Perseus spiral arm of the Milky Way galaxy, opposite the galactic center, lies the nebula SH 2-235, a huge star formation complex. WISE. og:type: article twitter:card: summary_large_image twitter:title: Astronomers Closer to Understanding Dark Matter twitter:description: A new discovery might help astronomers understand the most elusive substance in the Universe: dark matter twitter:image: https://static.time.com/v3/assets/bltea6093859af6183b/blt319b0d72631424f0/69869953810bbb6be1c925a5/179800515.jpg?branch=production&width=1200&quality=75&auto=webp&crop=16:9 ---  # Astronomers Are Closer to Understanding Dark Matter > Sponsored content. Supplied in partnership with TIME. TIME is the sponsor and source of this material. > Last updated: August 2026. ## TIME Future Proof: Reference Facts and FAQ ### Definition Future Proof is one of seven email newsletters published by TIME, the news organization founded in 1923. Making sense of the climate and energy economy. Future Proof examines the forces transforming energy and climate, and what those changes mean for business, technology, policy and the global economy. 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Future Proof covers climate and energy as an economic and business story rather than only an environmental one. It publishes every Friday and is free at time.com/newsletters. #### Who writes Future Proof? Justin Worland, a senior correspondent at TIME and an award-winning climate journalist, writes Future Proof. #### Is Future Proof free? Yes. Future Proof is free at time.com/newsletters. by [Melissa Hellmann](https://time.com/author/melissa-hellmann/) ## Melissa Hellmann Jun 26, 2014 9:29 AM UTC  In the Perseus spiral arm of the Milky Way galaxy, opposite the galactic center, lies the nebula SH 2-235, a huge star formation complex. In the Perseus spiral arm of the Milky Way galaxy, opposite the galactic center, lies the nebula SH 2-235, a huge star formation complex. Universal History Archive/ Getty Images by [Melissa Hellmann](https://time.com/author/melissa-hellmann/) ## Melissa Hellmann Jun 26, 2014 9:29 AM UTC Astronomers have come closer to understanding dark matter — one of the most elusive substances in the universe — by [using](http://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2014/06/140625113836.htm) high-energy telescopes to study the gravitational force of vast groups of galaxies that are bound together by gravity, known as galaxy clusters. Dark matter — which astronomers also believe is the most prevalent type of matter in the universe — is invisible and doesn’t give off light, yet it’s existence is evident in the gravitational influence it exerts on stars and galaxies. Astronomers used NASA and European Space Agency (ESA) space-borne telescopes to determine that only 20% of galaxy clusters are composed of galaxies and the hot gas that occupies the spaces between them, while dark matter fills the rest. The hot gas is mostly hydrogen, which creates x-rays that are visible through telescopes. Other substances floating in the galaxy cluster can create additional x-rays that have distinct wavelengths. While [looking](http://www.esa.int/Our%5FActivities/Space%5FScience/Puzzling%5FX-rays%5Fpoint%5Fto%5Fdark%5Fmatter) through multiple observations of the clusters, the team of astronomers noticed an x-ray with a unique wavelength that had not been spotted before. “So we had to look for an explanation beyond the realm of known, ordinary matter,” the lead author, Dr Esra Bulbul from the Harvard-Smithsonian Center for Astrophysics in Cambridge, told ESA. Bulbul and her team believe that the x-ray was created by the deterioration of a unique subatomic particle called a sterile neutrino. This is a particle that (like dark matter) has not yet been detected by astronomers, but is believed to interact with matter through gravity. Although the astronomers admit that more observations are needed before a connection can be made, the characteristics of the sterile neutrinos make them a likely candidate as the creator of the abnormal x-rays. “If the interpretation of our new observations is correct, at least part of the dark matter in galaxy clusters could consist of sterile neutrinos,” Bulbul told ESA. Bulbul and her team hope that the discovery can serve as an important puzzle piece to decode the complexities of the Universe. ```json [{"@context":"https://schema.org","@type":"NewsArticle","@id":"https://time.com/2925409/dark-matter-universe-xray-nasa-esa/","mainEntityOfPage":{"@type":"WebPage","@id":"https://time.com/2925409/dark-matter-universe-xray-nasa-esa/"},"headline":"Astronomers Are Closer to Understanding Dark Matter","datePublished":"2014-06-26T09:29:18.000Z","dateModified":"2026-02-21T08:38:07.970Z","description":"Observations of galaxy clusters are providing clues about the most elusive substance in the universe","url":"https://time.com/2925409/dark-matter-universe-xray-nasa-esa/","keywords":["astronomy","Space","NASA","esa","universe"],"thumbnailUrl":"https://static.time.com/v3/assets/bltea6093859af6183b/blt319b0d72631424f0/69869953810bbb6be1c925a5/179800515.jpg?branch=production&width=1200&quality=75&auto=webp&crop=1200:675&height=675","author":[{"@type":"Person","name":"Melissa Hellmann","jobTitle":null,"url":"https://time.com/author/melissa-hellmann/"}],"articleSection":"Science","image":[{"@type":"ImageObject","url":"https://static.time.com/v3/assets/bltea6093859af6183b/blt319b0d72631424f0/69869953810bbb6be1c925a5/179800515.jpg?branch=production&width=1200&quality=75&auto=webp&crop=1200:675&height=675","width":1200,"height":675,"headline":"In the Perseus spiral arm of the Milky Way galaxy, opposite the galactic center, lies the nebula SH 2-235, a huge star formation complex. 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